The Roman

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The Roman Republic 509 BCE - 27 BCE
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What were the major influences on the development
and expansion of the Roman Republic?
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ANCIENT ROMAN HISTORY THE REPUBLIC
Neolithic Culture
3000 BC
1000 BC
Latin Settlement
EARLY PERIOD
Etruscan Settlement
900 BC
750 BC
Greek Colonization
600 BC
Etruscan Rule of Rome
509 BC
Establishment of the Republic
264 BC
Punic Wars
THE RUPUBLIC
146 BC
Spartacus Slave Revolts
73 BC
First Triumvirate Formed
60 BC
44 BC
Assassination of Julius Caesar
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Ancient Roman Society
(Early Republic)
Patricians (Aristocrats)

• Plebeians
• Farmers
• Merchants
• Artisans

Freedmen

• Slaves
• City Slaves
• Household Slaves

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Patricians vs. Plebeians

1. The Patricians were wealthy landowners and held
   most of the power.
2. They inherited their power and social status and
   claimed to be descendants from the original
   Romans.

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Patricians vs. Plebeians
3. Plebeians were the common people and made up
the majority of Romans. 4. Plebeians were
citizens, could vote but couldnt hold powerful
government office. 5. Eventually Plebeians gained
the right to appoint tribunes to protect their
rights.
6. Around 450 B.C. the Plebeians began writing
down Romes laws and posting them. These were
known as the Twelve Tables.
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The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE

• Provided political and socialrights for the
  plebeians.
• Established the idea that all free citizens had a
  right to protection by the law.

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ROMAN GOVERNMENT (The Republic)
Legislative Branch
Senate
Assembly of Centuries
Assembly of Tribes

• Made up by Plebeians
• Elected 10 Tribunes who had veto power over
  Senate magistrates

• 300 members
• Most powerful branch
• Controlled public funds
• Made Political Appointments

• Declared War Peace
• Elected Magistrates

Executive Branch (Magistrates)
2 Consuls
2 Censors
Dictator

• Elected only during crisis
• Had absolute power
• Served 6 month terms

• Elected to 1 year terms
• Commanded Military
• Presided over Senate
• Ran Daily Government
• Could Veto each other

• Conducted Census
• Assessed Taxes
• Supervised Morals

Judicial Branch
Praetors created Roman law through court decisions
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Carthaginian Empire
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Hannibal (Carthage)
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Hannibals Route
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Second Punic War Hannibals Route
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Roman Expansion(133 BC - 27 BC)

• Conquered territories became known as Provinces
• Provinces were ruled by governors known as
  Proconsuls who were appointed by the Senate and
  had great power
• Tax collectors known as Publicans collected heavy
  taxes from provinces. They collected more than
  required and kept the excess. This corrupt
  practice was known as Tax Farming

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Problems of Roman Expansion

• Economic Turmoil
• Soldiers often returned home to desolated farms,
  were forced to sell to nobles and move to the
  city in search of work.
• Nobles began using slaves rather than paid
  workers and the gap between rich and poor
  widened.
• Slums began to develop in the cities.
• The government had to begin a welfare system and
  entertainment to keep the poor and unemployed
  content.
• Corruption by officials in Roman provinces
  increased and bribery became common.

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Problems of Roman Expansion

• Changes in the Roman Military
• With the disappearance of the small farmer, the
  nature of the army began to change
• Individual commanders began building their own
  armies and paid mercenaries
• Soldiers were promised a share of the booty and
  land in return for service
• Soldiers were loyal to commanders rather than Rome

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Attempts at Reform

• Two brothers, Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus were
  elected as Tribunes and attempted reforms to help
  the poor
• Tiberius was assassinated by several senators in
  133 BC
• Gaius continued to work on reforms and attempted
  to limit power of the Senate. He was killed in a
  riot.
• Rome fell into disarray. Civil War followed.

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Civil War Marius vs. Sulla
Marius
Sulla

• Civil war broke out in Rome between 88 82 BC
  between two rival generals, Marius and Sulla.
• Thousands of Romans died in the war.
• Sulla defeated Marius and became a dictator. He
  retired in 79 BC
• Slave revolts led by Spartacus broke out from
  73-71 BC. New military leaders struggled for
  power.

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The First Triumvirate

• After the slave revolts three generals, Crassus,
  Pompey, and Julius Caesar tried to gain power.
• When none of them could do so they joined
  together as a triumvirate to rule.
• Crassus was killed in battle in Syria.
• Caesar and Pompey eventually fought for power.
  Pompey fled and was eventually killed in Egypt.
• Caesar became the sole ruler in 45 BC.

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Julius Caesar

• After Pompey fled Rome Caesar seized power in
  Rome and attempted to save the republic through
  several reforms.
• Gave land, money and food to the poor.
• Increased the Senate membership and allowed
  ordinary citizens to serve in it.
• Expanded citizenship to people in the provinces.
• Began numerous public works programs to put
  people to work.

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Beware the Ides of March!44 BC
On March 15, 44 BC, Caesar was assassinated by
several members of the Senate who opposed his
reforms and feared that he was too powerful.
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The Second Triumvirate

• After the assassination of Caesar, three leaders,
  Marc Antony, Lepidus, and Caesars great nephew
  Octavian formed the second Triumvirate.
• Lepidus eventually retired.
• Octavian defeated Marc Antony and Cleopatra of
  Egypt in 31 BC in the Battle of Actium and became
  sole ruler.
• In 27 BC he was named Emperor and became known as
  Augustus Caesar. This began the Roman Empire.

Lepidus
Marc Antony
Octavian
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ANCIENT ROMAN HISTORY THE EMPIRE
Second Triumvirate Formed
43 BC
31 BC
Rule of Augustus Caesar Begins
27 BC
Establishment of the Empire
1 AD
Birth of Jesus
14 AD
Death of Augustus
Pax Romana
Crucifixion of Jesus
30 AD
180 AD
End of Pax Romana
The Empire
Division of the Empire
284 AD
Establishment of Constantinople
330 AD
The Decline
380 AD
Christianity Becomes Official Religion
476 AD
Fall of Western Roman Empire
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ROMAN GOVERNMENT (The Republic)
Legislative Branch
Senate
Assembly of Centuries
Assembly of Tribes
Executive Branch (Magistrates)
2 Consuls
2 Censors
Dictator
Judicial Branch
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Ancient Roman Society
(Early Republic)