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Salty sweat due to

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Symptoms of cystic fibrosis Salty sweat due to altered salt secretion in sweat ducts Mucus-clogged Airways; Severe Respiratory infections Lung Pancreas – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Salty sweat due to


1
Symptoms of cystic fibrosis
Salty sweat due to altered salt secretion in
sweat ducts
Mucus-clogged Airways Severe Respiratory
infections
Lung
Pancreas
Infertility in males due to clogged sex ducts
Testis
Cell lining ducts of the body
2
  • Cystic Fibrosis
  • A single faulty protein is connected to the
    symptoms
  • In 1989 the gene was mapped to chromosome 7

3
Our Goals
  • To determine the connection between the symptoms
    associated with cystic fibrosis and DNA How?
  • Learn how DNA replicates
  • Understand the genetic code and how the
    instructions in a gene are used to make a protein

4
Central Dogma of Biology
5
DNA and RNA Polymers of Nucleotides
  • Nucleotide base sugar phosphate

6
Fig 10.2
7
T
A single strand of DNA
A
C
Sugar- phosphate backbone
G
8
  • DNA vs. RNA Nucleotides
  • Four nucleotides are found in DNA
  • Differ in their nitrogenous bases
  • Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine
    (G)
  • Sugar
  • Four nucleotides are found in RNA
  • Uracil instead of Thymine
  • Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Cytosine (C), Guanine
    (G)
  • Sugar

9
  • DNA is like a rope ladder twisted into a spiral
  • DNA Structure
  • Consists of 2 strands joined together by weak
    hydrogen bonds
  • Rungs of the ladder are hydrogen bonded N-bases

Twist
Fig 10.4
10
Base pairing in DNA
Figure 10.5
11
What is a gene?
  • The kind of proteins an organism makes helps to
    determine its phenotype

12
The order of bases in a gene determines......
  • The sequence of amino acids in the protein it
    codes for, which determines......
  • the organism's phenotypethe physical and
    biochemical characteristics of an organism.

13
DNA replication
  • Questions to answer
  • When during the cell cycle does it occur?
  • What do we start with and end with?
  • Where does it occur in a cell?
  • Whats needed for it to occur?
  • What is the sequence of events?
  • Why is it said to be semi-conservative?
  • What does proofreading mean?
  • What does the proofreading?

14
DNA Replication
Fig 10.6
15
1
3
4
2
  1. Parent molecule has 2 complementary strands of
    DNA
  2. Enzymes initiate the breaking of the H-bonds,
    separating the double helix
  3. Free nucleotides base pair to parent strands
    (A-T, G-C) using DNA polymerase enzyme
  4. Each daughter strand consists of one parental
    strand and one new strand

16
  • DNA can be damaged eg. by ultraviolet light
  • The enzymes (e.g. DNA polymerase) can repair the
    damage
  • Is the damage always repaired? Consequences?

17
The Flow of Genetic Information DNA to RNA to
Protein
  • Transcription
  • Translation ribosomes translate mRNA into
    proteina chain of amino acids

Fig 10.9
18
  • CF phenotype
  • Genes determine which proteins a cell can make
  • Proteins control phenotype
  • e.g. CFTR Gene codes for CFTR protein

19
CFTR Protein The cystic fibrosis transmembrane
regulator protein
  • CFTR Protein
  • Pumps chloride ions (salt) into cells lining
    ducts or the lungs
  • What are the consequences when CFTR doesnt work?

Carbohydrate
Cytoplasm of cell lining duct or lungs
Chloride ions
CFTR Protein
Water
Inside of duct or Air sac in lungs
Water
Cell membrane
20
The order of bases in a gene determines the order
of amino acids in the protein it codes for
Fig 10.10
21
Why are proteins so important?
  • Enzymes catalysts for nearly all chemical
    reactions in cells Determine what cells can make
    and digest
  • Structural components
  • Receptors on cell surface
  • Hormones e.g. insulin, growth hormone, prolactin
  • Transport e.g. hemoglobin, spindle fibers
  • Immune system antibodies

22
Transcription copying DNA into RNA
  • Questions to answer
  • 1. What do we start with and end with?
  • 2. Where does transcription occur? When?
  • 3. What is needed for transcription to occur?
  • 4. What is the sequence of events?

23
An RNA Nucleotide
Phosphate
Base (Uracil, U)
Sugar ribose
This oxygen is absent in deoxyribose
24
RNA
  • Base pairing
  • Single stranded
  • Sugar ribose (one more oxygen than deoxyribose)

25
Stages of Transcription
Fig 10.13b
26
Fig 10.13a
27
Transcription
  1. Initiation - RNA polymerase enzyme binds to the
    promotor (section of DNA indicating start of a
    gene)
  2. Elongation RNA polymerase catalyzes base
    pairing on the template strand (U-A, G-C)
  3. Termination RNA polymerase reaches the stop
    sequence and the new mRNA is released.
  4. mRNA processing non-coding regions of the mRNA
    are removed and the mRNA leaves the nucleus.

28
Fig. 10.14 Step 4 mRNA processing
29
Translation Ribosomes reading mRNA to produce a
polypeptide
  • Questions to answer
  • What do we start with and end with?
  • 2. Where does translation occur?
  • 3. What is needed for translation to occur?
  • What is the sequence of events?
  • What are the roles of mRNA, ribosomes, start
    codon, tRNA, anticodons, stop codon?

30
How do ribosomes read the code?
31
The genetic code Fig 10.11 Codon 3 letter
section of mRNA that codes for one amino acid
32
Transfer RNA tRNA
Fig 10.15
  • tRNA
  • Matches amino acids with codons in mRNA using
    anticodons

33
A portion of an mRNA molecule attached to a tRNA
Codon on mRNA
mRNA
Each Codon specifies a specific tRNAamino
acid complex
Amino acid
34
Stages of translation
1. Initiation mRNA start codon binds to tRNA
anticodon Ribosome binds to both
35
2. Elongation
  • tRNA brings specific AAs to the ribosome as mRNA
    passes through the ribosome (codon anticodon
    recognition)

36
(No Transcript)
37
3. Termination Ribosome reads an mRNA stop
codon (no tRNA with anticodon). mRNA and protein
detach from the ribosome
38
Explaining the symptoms of CF
  • Mucus build-up in the lungs
  • Lung infections (e.g. pneumonia)
  • Male sterility (blocked vas deferens)
  • Salty sweat
  • Trouble digesting food (blocked pancreatic duct)

39
Explaining the symptoms of CF
  • In CF, the faulty CFTR protein never makes it to
    cell membrane

40
Understanding Cystic Fibrosis at the Cellular
Level
  • How does CFTR protein get from where its
    produced to its home in the cell membrane?
  • Where is the CFTR protein produced?
  • Where does it go for modification?
  • How does it get there?
  • How does the modified CFTR protein get to the
    plasma membrane?
  • The defective CFTR protein is recognized at the
    ER as defective
  • Where is the defective CFTR protein sent?

41
CF symptoms may be mild or severe
CFTR Gene
Several hundred different mutations are
associated with CF
42
Whats a Mutation?
  • Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
  • Types of Mutations
  • Mutations may Result from
  • Random errors in DNA replication
  • Viruses
  • Chemicals/toxins (cigarette smoke)
  • Radiation (e.g. U.V. light, X-rays)

43
DF508 deletion the most common cause of cystic
fibrosis
44
Mutation responsible for Sickle Cell Anemia
nucleotide substitution
Glu
Val
45
3 Types of Mutations Base Substitutions,
Insertions or Deletions
  • Base substitutions
  • May result in changes in the amino acid sequence
    in a protein, or
  • May be silent (have no effect) Why?

Substitute C for U
Met
Lys
Phe
Gly
Ala
AACGGUUAUCCU
Asn Gly Tyr Pro
Met
Phe
Ser
Ala
46
  • Types of Mutations Base Insertions and
    deletions
  • Changes the reading frame of the genetic message

mRNA
Protein
Met
Lys
Phe
Gly
Ala
(b) Nucleotide deletion
Met
Lys
Leu
Ala
His
47
  • Although mutations are often harmful
  • They are the source of the rich diversity of
    genes in the living world
  • They contribute to the process of evolution by
    natural selection
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