Basic Chemistry

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Basic Chemistry

• Chapter 2

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Atoms

• Matter
• All matter is made of atoms
• Atoms
• Atoms consist of electrons, protons, and neutrons
• Elements
• Elements are pure substances made of only one
  kind of atom

3
Chemical Bonding

• Covalent Bonds
• Molecules are groups of atoms linked by covalent
  bonds
• Hydrogen Bonds
• Hydrogen bonding occurs between polar molecules
• Ionic Bonds
• An ion is a charged atom or molecule. Ions of
  opposite charge may form an ionic bond

4
Water in Living Things

• Storage of Water
• Water, which is essential for life, stores heat
  efficiently and binds to itself and other
  substances
• Cohesion sticks to itself
• Adhesion different substances stick together

5
Aqueous Solutions

• Polarity
• Water dissolves polar molecules and ionic
  compounds
• Acids and Bases
• Acids increase the hydrogen ion concentration of
  a solution. Bases decrease the hydrogen ion
  concentration of a solution. The pH scale
  measures the strength of acids and bases

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Carbon Compounds

• Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates, such as glucose, are a source of
  energy and are used as structural materials in
  organisms
• Lipids
• Lipids are nonpolar molecules that store energy
  and are an important part of cell membranes
• Proteins
• Proteins are chains of amino acids. The sequence
  of amino acids determines a proteins shape and
  specific function
• Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary
  information
• ATP
• ATP is the main energy currency of cells

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Molecular Chains

• Carbon chains can be 1 or 2 carbon atoms or
  thousands of carbon atoms
• Smaller molecules bond together and are known as
  a polymer
• Many polymers are formed by condensation H
  removed from one, OH removed from another so H2O
  is pulled out
• Opposite is called Hydrolysis

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Condensation
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Hydrolysis
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Carbohydrates

• Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen only in a
  ratio of 121
• C6H12O6,
• Provide energy

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• Monosaccharide building block
• Called Simple Sugars (Glucose, Fructose)

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• Disaccharide 2 monosaccharides
• Fructose Glucose ? Sucrose

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• Polysaccharide polymer of many monosaccharides
• Starch, Glycogen, and Cellulose

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Lipids

• Mostly Carbon and Hydrogen, small amount of
  Oxygen
• Nonpolar molecules so dont dissolve in water
• Energy storage, protection, insulation
• Major component of membranes

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• Fatty Acids and Glycerol building block

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• If all Carbons have single bonds saturated
• Fats from animals solids at room temp.

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• If there is a double bond unsaturated
• Oils from plants Liquids are room temp.
  (Healthier?)

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• More than 1 double bond polyunsaturated

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Proteins

• Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and
  sometimes Sulfur
• Amino Acids building block
• 20 Combine using condensation and form a peptide
  bond
• Sequence determines protein
• Tissue and organ structure and cell metabolism

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Protein Examples

• Hemoglobin
• Carries oxygen in your blood
• Made in bone marrow
• Contains iron too little iron anemic

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Protein Examples

• Insulin
• Hormone that regulates the amount of sugar in
  your blood treats diabetes
• Secreted by pancreas
• Tells other cells to absorb glucose (no insulin
  no energy absorbed)
• These cells (liver, muscle, and fat) then store
  it as glycogen and stop using fat as energy
• No or low Insulin, no glucose uptake, fat used as
  energy
• Type I Diabetes Insulin deficiency shots
• Type II Insulin resistance other methods

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Special Protein Enzymes

• Protein that changes the rate of a chemical
  reaction (may speed up)
• Many lower the Activation Energy
• Activity depends on temperature, enzyme
  concentration, and pH
• Specific to certain substrates
• Works like a lock and key
• Amino acids make proteins (enzyme) folded in a
  certain way which determines job

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Energy for Life Processes

• Energy in Chemical Reactions
• Chemical Reactions absorb or release energy
• Activation Energy
• Starting a chemical reaction requires activation
  energy

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Enzyme-Substrate Complex
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Nucleic Acids

• Stores cellular information in the form of a
  code
• DNA and RNA
• Nucleotides building blocks
• Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous in 3
  parts
• Nitrogenous Base
• Simple Sugar
• Phosphate Group

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How to Identify

• Proteins turn a blue Biuret solution to
  pink-purple
• Starches (carbohydrates) show up bluish/black
  when drops of iodine are added
• Sugars (carbohydrates) turn a blue Benedicts
  solution an orange-brown
• Lipids leave a grease spot on brown paper