Guided Notes for Basic Chemistry

1
Guided Notes for Basic Chemistry

• Chapter 2

2

1. Matter is anything that occupies space and has
   mass. Matter exists in solid, liquid, and
   gaseous states.

3
3 Types of Matter in the Body

• Solids bones, teeth
• Liquids blood, plasma
• Gases air

4

• 3. Energy is commonly defined as the ability to
  do work or to put matter into motion.

5

• 4. Chemical energy is stored in the bonds of
  chemical substances. When the bonds are broken,
  it becomes kinetic energy.

6

• 5. Electrical energy results from the movement
  of charged particles.

7

• 6. Mechanical energy is directly involved in
  moving matter. Radiant energy travels in waves,
  that is, energy of the electromagnetic spectrum.

8

• 7. Four elements, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and
  nitrogen, make up about 96 percent of body weight.

9

• 8. Isotopes are atoms that exhibit two or more
  structural variations. Isotopes have the same
  number of protons and electrons, but vary in the
  number of neutrons.

10

• 9. Radioisotopes are the heavier isotopes of
  certain atoms, which are unstable and tend to
  decompose to become more stable. Radioisotopes
  are used in minute amounts to tag biological
  molecules so that they can be followed, or
  traced, through the body.

11

• 10. A water molecule is formed when two hydrogen
  atoms bind covalently to one oxygen atom.

12

• 11. Synthesis reactions occur when 2 or more
  atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more
  complex molecule.

13

• 12. Decomposition reactions occur when a
  molecule is broken down into smaller molecules.
  Examples of decomposition reactions that occur in
  the body include the digestion of foods and the
  breakdown of glycogen.

14

• 13. During exchange reactions, a switch is made
  between molecule parts and different molecules
  are made. An exchange reaction occurs when ATP
  reacts with glucose.

15
Difference between organic and inorganic compounds

• Organic Compounds contain carbon
• Inorganic Compounds do not contain carbon (except
  for carbon dioxide)

16

• 15. When dissolved in body fluids, salts, which
  are ionic compounds, easily separate into their
  ions.

17

• 16. Because ions are charged particles, all
  salts are electrolytes, which are substances that
  conduct an electrical current in solution. When
  electrolyte balance is severely disturbed,
  virtually nothing in the body works.

18

• 17. Living cells are extraordinarily sensitive
  to changes in pH, and the acid-base balance is
  carefully regulated by the kidneys, lungs, and
  chemicals called buffers.

19

1. Carbohydrates, which include sugars and starches,
   contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
   Carbohydrates are classified according to size as
   monosaccharides, disaccharides, or
   polysaccharides.

20
The 3 Types of Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides glucose
• Disaccharides sucrose, lactose
• Polysaccharides starch, glycogen

21

• 20. The most abundant lipids in the body are
  neutral fats, phospholipids, and steroids. All
  lipids contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Most
  lipids are insoluble in water.

22

• 21. The single most important steroid molecule is
  cholesterol, which enters the body in animal
  products such as meat, eggs, and cheese.

23

• 22. Proteins account for over 50 percent of the
  organic matter in the body, and they have the
  most varied functions of organic molecules.

24

• 23. The building blocks of proteins are small
  molecules called amino acids.

25

• 24. Based on their overall shape and structure,
  proteins are classified as either fibrous or
  globular.

26
Fibrous Proteins

• Fibrous proteins are strand-like and bind
  structures together
• Examples include keratin and collagen

27
Globular Proteins

• Globular proteins are mobile, generally spherical
  molecules that play crucial roles in biological
  processes
• Examples include antibodies, hormones, and enzymes

28

• 27. ATP is all-important because it provides a
  form of chemical energy used by all body cells.
  Without ATP, molecules cannot be made or broken
  down, cells cant maintain boundaries, and life
  processes stop.