Chemistry%20in%20Biology

1
Chemistry in Biology

• A VERY Brief Overview of Chemistry

15 Clicker Questions!
Chapter 3
2
Words in Bold Pink

• Those are your vocabulary words
• Please high-light them!!!

3
Element

• Element Substance consisting entirely of one
  type of atom.
• Examples Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

4
(No Transcript)
5
Subscript

• A subscript is a small lowered number after a
  symbol for an element.
• H2O the 2 is lowered and considered
• a subscript.
• The 2 indicates how many atoms of the element are
  present in that compound.

6
Chemical Compounds

• Compound A substance formed by the chemical
  combination of 2 or more elements in definite
  proportions.
• Examples H2O (water)
• NaCl (Salt)
• C6 H12 O6 (Sugar)

7
Chemical Formula

• States how many atoms are in each molecule.
• How many carbon atoms are in C6 H12 O6?
• How many hydrogen atoms?
• How many oxygen atoms?

Click for answers
6
12
6
8
Chemical Equations

• Lets say I give you a chemical equation like
• CO2 H2O -------- C6 H12 O6 O2
• What are the names of these compounds?
• Could you tell me which side are the reactants
  and which side are the products?

REACTANTS
PRODUCTS
Carbon dioxide
Water
Sugar/glucose
Oxygen
Click for answers
Click for answers
9
Elements in the Human Body
Most abundant element in our body

• Oxygen 65
• Carbon 18.5
• Hydrogen 9.5
• Nitrogen 3.3
• All of these equal 96.3. The other 4 are trace
  elements Calcium (1.5), Phosphorous (1.0),
  Potassium (0.4), others.
• Water

Click for animation
Most abundant compound in our body
10
Clicker Question 1

• Which of the following is an element?
• Carbon dioxide
• Methane
• Oxygen
• Water

11
Clicker Question 2

• How many atoms are in NH3
• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4

12
Clicker Question 3

• Which of the following are the reactants?
• CH4 2 O2 CO2 2 H2O
• CH4 2 O2
• CO2 2 H2O
• CH4 2 H2O
• None of the above

13
Solvent-Solute

• Water is the greatest solvent in the world!
• Solvent means to dissolve, or a dissolving agent.
  WATER is a SOLVENT!
• Solute is what is to be dissolved. Sugar and salt
  are solutes and they dissolve in water.

14
pH

• pH The measure of concentration of H in a
  solution.
• Acid Substance that release hydrogen ions (H)
  when dissolved in water.
• Base Substance that releases hydroxide ions
  (OH-) when dissolved in water.

15
pH Scale

• The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a
  substance is.
• It ranges from 0 to 14
• A pH of 7 is neutral
• A pH less than 7 is acidic
• A pH greater than 7 is basic

16
14 Basic
pH Scale
Oven cleaner
Bleach
Ammonia solution
Increasingly Basic
Soap
Sea water
Human blood
7 Neutral
Neutral
Pure water
Milk
Normal rainfall
Acid rain
Tomato juice
Increasingly Acidic
Lemon juice
Stomach acid
0 Acidic
17
Acids

• Acids taste sour
• Strong Acids are dangerous and can burn your
  skin
• Examples are Vinegar, stomach acid, and citrus
  fruits

18
Bases

• Solutions containing bases are often called
  alkaline.
• Bases taste bitter
• Bases feel slippery
• Strong bases are very dangerous and can burn your
  skin
• Examples Lye and ammonia

19
pH Question

• An ecologist is testing rainwater. She tests
  rainwater on the south side of town and finds
  that the pH is 6.2. Then she tests the north
  side of town and finds that the pH is 6.8. Which
  is more acidic?

Click for answer
6.2 is correct!
20
Buffers

• Buffers are weak acids or bases that can react
  with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp,
  sudden changes in pH.
• (Dont need to write this)
• For example, your stomach is upset, so you drink
  alka seltzer or eat a Rolaids. These are buffers
  or a mild base to offset the higher stomach acid.

21
Clicker Question 4

• Which of the following is a solute?
• Water
• Sugar
• Vinegar
• Carbon dioxide

22
Clicker Question 5

• Which of the following has the most basic pH?
• 7
• 7.1
• 7.5
• 8

23
Clicker Question 6

• 3.1 pH is
• Acidic
• Basic
• Neutral
• None of the above

24
Clicker Question 7

• Gastric protease works best in which type of pH?
• Neutral
• Basic
• Acidic
• All of the above

25
Clicker Question 8

• Which of the following is a solvent?
• Water
• Sugar
• Vinegar
• Carbon dioxide

26
Organic Molecules

• There are 4 organic molecules
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
• These are also called macromolecules

27
YES, draw this!
Macromolecule Concept Map
Carbon Compounds
includes
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Macro means LARGE
28
Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrate Organic compound containing
  Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen with a ratio of 121
• Carbohydrates are basically sugars and starches.
• Most of an organisms energy come from
  carbohydrates!

29
Carbohydrates Continued

• Monosaccharides are simple sugar molecules.
• Examples This is glucose, galactose, sucrose
  and fructose (sugars).
• Glucose is
• 1 2 1
• Many monosaccharides together make up
  polysaccharides. This is the excess sugar that we
  store as glycogen that can turn into fat

30
Write these Video Questions answer them while
you watch the video clip.

• 1. Sugars belong to a class of chemicals called
  ___.
• 2. What is glucose made-up of?
• 3. What is a good example of a very long polymer
  of glucose called ___.
• 4. Starches are nothing more than very long
  chains of
• ____.

31
Carbohydrate Video Clip
Video
32
Macromolecule Concept Map
Lets fill in the chart!
Carbon Compounds
includes
Carbohydrates
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Sugars Starches
Major source of energy for the body
Macro means LARGE
33
Lipids

• This is FAT.
• Lipids these are used to store energy.
• They are found in cell membranes.
• Fats, oils, waxes
• Also water proofs

Video
34
Macromolecule Concept Map
Lets fill in the chart!
Carbon Compounds
includes
Lipids
Carbohydrates
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Fats Oils
Sugars Starches
Major source of energy for the body
Stores energy water proofs
Macro means LARGE
35
Nucleic Acids

• Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen,
  Phosphorus
• Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary or
  genetic information.

36
Nucleic Acids Continued

• Nucleotides consist of a 5 carbon sugar, a
  phosphate group and a nitrogen base.
• 2 types Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
• Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

37
Video Questions

• 1. Nucleic acids are made up of long chains of
  subunits called ____.
• 2. Chromosomes contain huge molecules called
  deoxyribonucleic acid also known as ___.

38
Nucleic Acids Video Clip
Video
39
Macromolecule Concept Map
Lets fill in the chart!
Carbon Compounds
includes
Nucleic Acids
Lipids
Carbohydrates
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Fats Oils
Sugars Starches
Nucleotides
Stores Transmits Genetic Info
Major source of energy for the body
Stores energy water proofs
Macro means LARGE
40
Clicker Question 9

• Which of the following is NOT a macromolecule?
• Carbohydrate
• Lipid
• Amino acid
• Nucleic acid

41
Clicker Question 10

• Which of the following foods is NOT an example of
  a carbohydrate?
• Sugar
• Potatoes
• Bread
• Meat

42
Clicker Question 11

• Genetic material is made with this macromolecule
• Nucleic acid
• Lipid
• Protein
• Carbohydrate

43
Clicker Question 12

• Which of the following is NOT a sugar?
• a. Glucose
• b. Sucrose
• c. Lactose
• d. Pepsin

44
Proteins

• Proteins are composed of smaller units called
  amino acids.
• Amino Acids Are small compounds that are made
  of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen.

45
Proteins

• Activation Energy The minimum amount of energy
  needed for reactants to form products in a
  chemical reactions.

46
Proteins

• A catalyst, as well as an enzyme, is a substance
  that lowers the activation energy needed to start
  a chemical reaction.
• Catalysts speeds up chemical
• reactions thousands of
• times faster.

47
Proteins

• Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up
  the rate of chemical reactions.
• Enzymes are made of proteins.
• Example Amylase found in saliva.
• Amylase speeds up the breakdown of amylose, a
  substance in starch (in foods).
• Most enzymes are specific to 1 reaction

48
Proteins How enzymes work

• Substrate The reactants that bind to the
  enzyme.
• Active Site The specific location where a
  substance binds to an enzyme.
• The active site and the substrate have
  complementary shapes (Lock Key)

Click on picture to see an animation!
49
Proteins How enzymes work

• Only substrates with the same size and shape as
  the active site will bind to the enzyme (like
  puzzle pieces).
• pH and temperature mainly affect enzyme activity.

Click on picture for link
50
Pepsin An Enzyme

• Pepsin is an enzyme in the
• stomach that begins the digestion
• of proteins by splitting them into
• smaller pieces.
• Pepsin works at a pH level of around 2 which is
  acidic
• Antacids are used to neutralize pepsin by
  increasing the pH level to around 6 or 7

51
Macromolecule Concept Map
Lets fill in the chart!
Carbon Compounds
includes
Nucleic Acids
Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Fats Oils
Amino Acids
Sugars Starches
Nucleotides
Growth/ repair make up enzymes
Stores Transmits Genetic Info
Major source of energy for the body
Stores energy water proofs
What does Macro Mean?
52
Clicker Question 13

• Enzymes are which type of macromolecule?
• a. Lipids
• b. Carbohydrate
• c. Proteins
• d. Nucleic Acids

53
Clicker Question 14

• What do enzymes do during a reaction?
• a. Nothing
• b. Slows it down
• c. Speeds it up
• d. Burns it up

54
Clicker Question 15

• What two conditions change how enzymes work?
• a. Water temperature
• b. Temperature pH
• c. Solid gas
• d. None of the above

55
The End