Performance%20Management

1
Chapter 7 Goal Directed Systems Design Part 1 Input Process Output Model
Performance Management

Input Unsafe worker
Output Safe worker
Process
2
Table of Contents

• Definitions
• Check lists and rules
• Activity 1
• Activity 2
• Activity 3
• Activity 4
• Activity 5
• Activity 6

3
Table of Contents

• Activity 7
• Activity 8
• Activity 9
• Activity 10
• Activity 11
• Activity 12

4
Table of Contents

• Review Section

5
Table of Contents

• Definitions
• Processes
• Outputs, inputs, or goals
• Ultimate goal
• Goal-directed approach
• Final output
• Input-Process-Output Chain
• Main resources
• Production
• Distribution
• Research and Development (R D)

6
Table of Contents

• Check lists and rules
• Rules in outlining the structure of
  organizational goals
• Questions to ask yourself when making the outline
  of organizational goals
• Outline checklist

7
Table of Contents

• Activity 1
• 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
  12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,
  22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30

8
Table of Contents

• Activity 2
• 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40

9
Table of Contents

• Activity 3
• 41, 42, 43, 44

10
Table of Contents

• Activity 4
• 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54

11
Table of Contents

• Activity 5
• 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64,

12
Table of Contents

• Activity 6
• 65, 66, 67, 68

13
Table of Contents

• Activity 7
• 69, 70, 71, 72

14
Table of Contents

• Activity 8
• 73

15
Table of Contents

• Activity 9
• 74,

16
Table of Contents

• Activity 10
• 75,

17
Table of Contents

• Activity 11
• 76,

18
Table of Contents

• Activity 12
• 77,

19
Goal-Directed Systems Design is a technology for
designing an ideal structure of organizational
goals using a behavioral systems analytic
approach.
20

• In this part of the workshow you will learn
  the concepts
• involved in
• Goal-Directed Systems Design (GDSD)
• and do some practice-work
• in designing organizational goals.

21

• You can do a GDSD up front
• for a new organization
• that youre starting,
• to help it work well from day one

22

• or you can apply GDSD later
• to an existing organization,
• to help it work better
• and to recover
• from organizational disasters.

23
Whats the behavioral systems analysis approach?

24
Behavioral Systems Analysis approach

• A system is an
• organized, integrated, unified
• set of components,
• accomplishing a particular set
• of goals.

25
Behavioral Systems Analysis approach

• A system consists of inputs (resources),
  processes, and outputs (goals).

26
Behavioral Systems Analysis approach

• For example, an automobile is an example of a
  system.
• It inputs people at one location and moves
  them to another.
• Its a transportation system.

27

• A behavioral system is a system in which the
  principle components are human beings.

28

• Behavioral System
• For example, a university
• is an example of a
• behavioral system, which
• inputs high-school graduates,
• educates them,
• and outputs college graduates.

29

• In a behavioral systems approach, you define an
  organization as a set of systems by identifying
  the output, process, and input for each
  component.

30

• In other words,
• you see an organization
• as a behavioral system,
• or a collection of
• behavioral systems,
• each of which has an output,
• a process, and inputs.

31
Practice!!-Activity 1

• For the following behavioral systems, identify
  each underlined component of the system as either
  output, process, or input.

32
Practice!!-Activity 1

• Put O for output, P for process, or I for input.

33

• A hospital
• ___Treating sick people
• ___Sick people
• ___Healthy people

• Output
• B. Process
• C. Input

34
No, Remember that the output is the final outcome
or goal of the process. It is defined as a thing
or condition. Treating sick people is an
activity and not a thing or condition.

• A hospital
• ___Treating sick people
• ___Sick people
• ___Healthy people

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

35
No, Remember that the input consists of things or
conditions that are processed through the system.
Treating sick people is an activity and not the
initial thing or condition that begins the
process.

• A hospital
• ___Treating sick people
• ___Sick people
• ___Healthy people

• Output
• B. Process
• C. Input

36
Right on!!! Treating sick people is the
behavior responsible for processing sick people
into healthy people.

• A hospital
• ___Treating sick people
• ___Sick people
• ___Healthy people

37

• A hospital
• ___Treating sick people
• ___Sick people
• ___Healthy people

• Output
• B. Process
• C. Input

38
No, Remember that the output is the final outcome
or goal of the process.

• A hospital
• ___Treating Sick people
• ___Sick people
• ___Healthy people

• Output
• B. Process
• C. Input

39
Nice Work!!!

• A hospital
• ___Treating sick people
• ___Sick people
• ___Healthy people

40
And so the last one would be.

• A hospital
• ___Treating sick people
• ___Sick people
• ___Healthy people

• Output
• B. Process
• C. Input

41
Right on!!! Healthy people is the final outcome
or goal when treating sick people.

• A hospital
• ___Treating sick people
• ___Sick people
• ___Healthy people

• Output
• B. Process
• C. Input

42

• An amusement park
• ___Amusing people
• ___Happier people
• ___People

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

43

• An amusement park
• ___Amusing people
• ___Happier people
• ___People

No, Remember that the output is the final outcome
or goal of the process and is defined as a thing
or condition. Amusing people is an activity and
not a thing or condition.

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

44

• An amusement park
• ___Amusing people
• ___Happier people
• ___People

No, Remember that the input consists of things or
conditions that are processed through the system.

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

45
Nice Work!!!

• An amusement park
• ___Amusing people
• ___Happier people
• ___People

46

• An amusement park
• ___Amusing people
• ___Happier people
• ___People

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

47

• An amusement park
• ___Amusing people
• ___Happier people
• ___People

No, Remember that the input consists of things or
conditions that are processed through the system.

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

48
Good!! Happier people is the final outcome or
goal when trying to amuse people.

• An amusement park
• ___Amusing people
• ___Happier people
• ___People

49
And so the last one would be.

• An amusement park
• ___Amusing people
• ___Happier people
• ___People

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

50
Right on!!!

• An amusement park
• ___Amusing people
• ___Happier people
• ___People

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

51

• A motel
• ___Tired people
• ___Providing rooms
• ___Rested people

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

52
Remember that you define processes of an
organization as activities or behaviors.
Processes often end in -ing or are used in the
following sense to verb noun

• A motel
• ___Tired people
• ___Providing rooms
• ___Rested people

1. Input
2. Process
3. Output

53
No, Remember that the output is the final outcome
or goal of the process and is defined as a thing
or condition.

• A motel
• ___Tired people
• ___Providing rooms
• ___Rested people

1. Input
2. Process
3. Output

54
Nice Work!!!

• A motel
• ___Tired people
• ___Providing rooms
• ___Rested people

1. Input
2. Process
3. Output

55

• A motel
• ___Tired people
• ___Providing rooms
• ___Rested people

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

56
No, Remember that the output is the final outcome
or goal of the process. It is defined as a thing
or condition. Providing rooms to people is an
activity and not a thing or condition.

• A motel
• ___Tired people
• ___Providing rooms
• ___Rested people

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

57
Nice Work!!!

• A motel
• ___Tired people
• ___Providing rooms
• ___Rested people

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

58

• A motel
• ___Tired people
• ___Providing rooms
• ___Rested people

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

59
Right on!!! Rested people is the final outcome
or goal when providing a room for tired people.

• A motel
• ___Tired people
• ___Providing rooms
• ___Rested people

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

60

• A bus company
• ___People at destination
• ___People at place of departure
• ___Transporting people

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

61
Remember that you define processes of an
organization as activities or behaviors.
Processes often end in -ing or are used in the
following sense to verb noun

• A bus company
• ___People at destination
• ___People at place of departure
• ___Transporting people

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

62
No, Remember that the input consists of things or
conditions that are processed through the system.

• A bus company
• ___People at destination
• ___People at place of departure
• ___Transporting people

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

63
Right on!!! People at their destination is the
final goal when transporting people.

• A bus company
• ___People at destination
• ___People at place of departure
• ___Transporting people

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

64

• A bus company
• ___People at destination
• ___People at place of departure
• ___Transporting people

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

65
Remember that you define processes of an
organization as activities or behaviors.
Processes often end in -ing or are used in the
following sense to verb noun

• A bus company
• ___People at destination
• ___People at place of departure
• ___Transporting people

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

66
Nice Work!!!

• A bus company
• ___People at destination
• ___People at place of departure
• ___Transporting people

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

67
And so the last one would be.

• A bus company
• ___People at destination
• ___People at place of departure
• ___Transporting people

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

68
Right on!!!

• A bus company
• ___People at destination
• ___People at place of departure
• ___Transporting people

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

69

• A book store
• ___People who dont have books and books to
  be sold
• ___Selling books
• ___People who have books

1. Input
2. Process
3. Output

70
Remember that you define processes of an
organization as activities or behaviors.
Processes often end in -ing or are used in the
following sense to verb noun

• A book store
• ___People who dont have books and books to be
  sold
• ___Selling books
• ___People who have books

1. Input
2. Process
3. Output

71
No, Remember that the output is the final outcome
or goal of the process. It is what a book store
wishes to accomplish through the sales process.

• A book store
• ___People who dont have books and books to be
  sold
• ___Selling books
• ___People who have books

1. Input
2. Process
3. Output

72
Nice Work!!!

• A book store
• ___People who dont have books and books to be
  sold
• ___Selling books
• ___People who have books

1. Input
2. Process
3. Output

73

• A book store
• ___People who dont have books and books to be
  sold
• ___Selling books
• ___People who have books

1. Input
2. Process
3. Output

74
No, Remember that the output is the final outcome
or goal of the process and is defined as a thing
or condition. Selling books is an activity and
not a thing or condition.

• A book store
• ___People who dont have books and books to be
  sold
• ___Selling books
• ___People who have books

1. Input
2. Process
3. Output

75

• A book store
• ___People who dont have books and books to be
  sold
• ___Selling books
• ___People who have books

Right on!!!

1. Input
2. Process
3. Output

76
And so the last one would be.

• A book store
• ___People who dont have books and books to be
  sold
• ___Selling books
• ___People who have books

1. Input
2. Process
3. Output

77

• A book store
• ___People who dont have books and books to be
  sold
• ___Selling books
• ___People who have books

Right on!!! People who have books is the final
outcome or goal of a book-selling process.

1. Input
2. Process
3. Output

78

• A pet store
• ___People who dont have pets and pets to be
  sold
• ___People who have pets
• ___Selling pets

1. Output
2. Input
3. Process

79
No, Remember that the output is the final outcome
or goal of the process.

• A pet store
• ___People who dont have pets and pets to be sold
• ___People who have pets
• ___Selling pets

1. Output
2. Input
3. Process

80
Remember that you define processes of an
organization as activities or behaviors.
Processes often end in -ing or are used in the
following sense to verb noun

• A pet store
• ___People who dont have pets and pets to be sold
• ___People who have pets
• ___Selling pets

1. Output
2. Input
3. Process

81
Nice Work!!!

• A pet store
• ___People who dont have pets and pets to be sold
• ___People who have pets
• ___Selling pets

1. Output
2. Input
3. Process

82

• A pet store
• ___People who dont have pets and pets to be sold
• ___People who have pets
• ___Selling pets

1. Output
2. Input
3. Process

83
Remember that you define processes of an
organization as activities or behaviors.
Processes often end in -ing or are used in the
following sense to verb noun

• A pet store
• ___People who dont have pets and pets to be sold
• ___People who have pets
• ___Selling pets

1. Output
2. Input
3. Process

84

• A pet store
• ___People who dont have pets and pets to be sold
• ___People who have pets
• ___Selling pets

Keep it up!!! People who have pets is the final
outcome of a pet-selling process.

1. Output
2. Input
3. Process

85
And so the last one would be.

• A pet store
• ___People who dont have pets and pets to be sold
• ___People who have pets
• ___Selling pets

1. Output
2. Input
3. Process

86
Nice Work!!!

• A pet store
• ___People who dont have pets and pets to be sold
• ___People who have pets
• ___Selling pets

1. Output
2. Input
3. Process

87

• A VCR repair company
• ___Repaired VCRs
• ___Repairing VCRs
• ___Broken VCRs

1. Output
2. Input
3. Process

88
No, Remember that the input consists of things or
conditions that are processed through the system.

• A VCR repair company
• ___Repaired VCRs
• ___Repairing VCRs
• ___Broken VCRs

1. Output
2. Input
3. Process

89
Remember that you define processes of an
organization as activities or behaviors.
Processes often end in -ing or are used in the
following sense to verb noun

• A VCR repair company
• ___Repaired VCRs
• ___Repairing VCRs
• ___Broken VCRs

1. Output
2. Input
3. Process

90
Nice job!!! Repaired VCRs is the goal of a
VCR-repairing process.

• A VCR repair company
• ___Repaired VCRs
• ___Repairing VCRs
• ___Broken VCRs

1. Output
2. Input
3. Process

91

• A VCR repair company
• ___Repaired VCRs
• ___Repairing VCRs
• ___Broken VCRs

1. Output
2. Input
3. Process

92
No, Remember that the input consists of things or
conditions that are processed through the system.

• A VCR repair company
• ___Repaired VCRs
• ___Repairing VCRs
• ___Broken VCRs

1. Output
2. Input
3. Process

93
Right on!!!

• A VCR repair company
• ___Repaired VCRs
• ___Repairing VCRs
• ___Broken VCRs

1. Output
2. Input
3. Process

94
And so the last one would be.

• A VCR repair company
• ___Repaired VCRs
• ___Repairing VCRs
• ___Broken VCRs

1. Output
2. Input
3. Process

95
Nice Work!!!

• A VCR repair company
• ___Repaired VCRs
• ___Repairing VCRs
• ___Broken VCRs

1. Output
2. Input
3. Process

96

• A Cablevision company
• ___People without cablevision
• ___Providing cablevision
• ___People with cablevision

1. Input
2. Process
3. Output

97
Remember that you define processes of an
organization as activities or behaviors.
Processes often end in -ing or are used in the
following sense to verb noun

• A Cablevision company
• ___People without cablevision
• ___Providing cablevision
• ___People with cablevision

1. Input
2. Process
3. Output

98
No, Remember that the output is the final outcome
or goal of the process. It is what the cable
company wishes to accomplish by providing cable
to customers.

• A Cablevision company
• ___People without cablevision
• ___Providing cablevision
• ___People with cablevision

1. Input
2. Process
3. Output

99
Thats right!!!

• A Cablevision company
• ___People without cablevision
• ___Providing cablevision
• ___People with cablevision

1. Input
2. Process
3. Output

100

• A Cablevision company
• ___People without cablevision
• ___Providing cablevision
• ___People with cablevision

1. Input
2. Process
3. Output

101
No, Remember that the output is the final outcome
or goal of the process. It is defined as a thing
or condition. Providing cable to customers is an
activity and not a thing or condition.

• A Cablevision company
• ___People without cablevision
• ___Providing cablevision
• ___People with cablevision

1. Input
2. Process
3. Output

102
Yup!!!

• A Cablevision company
• ___People without cablevision
• ___Providing cablevision
• ___People with cablevision

1. Input
2. Process
3. Output

103
And so the last one would be.

• A Cablevision company
• ___People without cablevision
• ___Providing cablevision
• ___People with cablevision

1. Input
2. Process
3. Output

104
Right on!!! People with cablevision is the
final output of a cable providing company.

• A Cablevision company
• ___People without cablevision
• ___Providing cablevision
• ___People with cablevision

1. Input
2. Process
3. Output

105

• A hair salon
• ___Providing hair services
• ___People unhappy
• about their hair
• ___People happy about their hair

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

106
No, Remember that the output is the final outcome
or goal of the process. It is defined as a thing
or condition. Providing services is an activity
and not a thing or condition.

• A hair salon
• ___Providing hair services
• ___People unhappy about their hair
• ___People happy about their hair

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

107
No, Remember that the input consists of things or
conditions that are processed through the system.

• A hair salon
• ___Providing hair services
• ___People unhappy about their hair
• ___People happy about their hair

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

108
Nice Work!!!

• A hair salon
• ___Providing hair services
• ___People unhappy about their hair
• ___People happy about their hair

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

109

• A hair salon
• ___Providing hair services
• ___People unhappy
• about their hair
• ___People happy about their hair

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

110
No, Remember that the output is the final outcome
or goal a hair salon wishes to accomplish by
providing quality service to customers.

• A hair salon
• ___Providing hair services
• ___People unhappy about their hair
• ___People happy about their hair

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

111
YES!!!

• A hair salon
• ___Providing hair services
• ___People unhappy about their hair
• ___People happy about their hair

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

112
And so the last one would be.

• A hair salon
• ___Providing hair services
• ___People unhappy
• about their hair
• ___People happy about their hair

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

113
Sweet!!!

• A hair salon
• ___Providing hair services
• ___People unhappy about their hair
• ___People happy about their hair

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

114

• A bike shop
• ___Selling bikes
• ___People without bikes and bikes to be sold
• ___People with bikes

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

115
No, Remember that the output is the final outcome
or goal of the process. It is defined as a thing
or condition. Selling is an activity and not a
thing or condition.

• A bike shop
• ___Selling bikes
• ___People without bikes and bikes to be sold
• ___People with bikes

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

116
No, Remember that the input consists of things or
conditions that are processed through the system.

• A bike shop
• ___Selling bikes
• ___People without bikes and bikes to be sold
• ___People with bikes

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

117
Nice Work!!!

• A bike shop
• ___Selling bikes
• ___People without bikes and bikes to be sold
• ___People with bikes

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

118

• A bike shop
• ___Selling bikes
• ___People without bikes and bikes to be sold
• ___People with bikes

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

119
No, Remember that the output is the final outcome
or goal of the sales process.

• A bike shop
• ___Selling bikes
• ___People without bikes and bikes to be sold
• ___People with bikes

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

120
Thats right!!!

• A bike shop
• ___Selling bikes
• ___People without bikes and bikes to be sold
• ___People with bikes

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

121
And so the last one would be.

• A bike shop
• ___Selling bikes
• ___People without bikes and bikes to be sold
• ___People with bikes

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

122
Nice Work!!!

• A bike shop
• ___Selling bikes
• ___People without bikes and bikes to be sold
• ___People with bikes

• A. Output
• Process
• Input

123

• In this workbook,
• you are asked to describe
• outputs, inputs, or goals
• as things or conditions.

124

• You are also asked
• to describe processes
• as activities or behaviors.

125

• We want you to learn
• this distinction because
• a process does not necessarily produce the
  expected output
• even when the process seems
• to be active.

126

• For example
• Even when a motel
• provides plenty of rooms,
• people may not get rested
• because of poor service, dirty bath rooms, etc.

127

• So, we do not want to say the goal of a motel
  is to provide rooms.
• ..thats what the motel does to accomplish the
  output of rested people.

128

• The goal should be described
• as rested people
• and one of its
• processes as providing rooms.

129

• This distinction may seem odd and less important
  to you,
• but it becomes critical
• when you start designing
• the structure of organizational goals later.

130
Rules Define processes of an organization
as activities or behaviors. Use
verb ing noun or to verb noun to
define a process. Example Baking
bread, or to bake bread. Define outputs,
inputs, or goals of an organization as things or
conditions. Avoid using verb ing noun
or to verb noun to define an
output/input. Instead, Use adjective
noun to define inputs/outputs.
Example Baked bread.

131
Practice!!-Activity 2

• Identify the following items by selecting
  whether it is either an Output or a Process
• Example Baking bread
• __Output or __Process

• Output
• B. Process

132

• Manufacturing watches
• __Output or __Process

• Output
• B. Process

133
No, Remember that you define outputs of an
organization as things or conditions. Avoid
using -ing or to verb noun to define an
output. Instead use adjective noun. (i.e.
baked bread)

• Manufacturing watches
• __Output or __Process

• Output
• B. Process

134
Nice Work!!!

• Manufacturing watches
• __Output or __Process

• Output
• B. Process

135

• School bus drivers trained __Output or __Process

• Output
• B. Process

136
Sorry.Remember that you define processes of an
organization as activities or behaviors.
Processes often end in -ing or are used in the
following sense to verb noun

• School bus drivers trained __Output or __Process

• Output
• B. Process

137
Nice Work!!!

• School bus drivers trained __Output or __Process

• Output
• B. Process

138

• Writing a book
• __Output or __Process

• Output
• B. Process

139
No, Remember that you define outputs of an
organization as things or conditions. Avoid
using -ing or to verb noun to define an
output. Instead use adjective noun. (i.e.
baked bread)

• Writing a book
• __Output or __Process

• Output
• B. Process

140
Yup!!!

• Writing a book
• __Output or __Process

• Output
• B. Process

141

• Making an appointment
• __Output or __Process

• Output
• B. Process

142
Sorry, Remember that you define outputs of an
organization as things or conditions. Avoid
using -ing or to verb noun to define an
output. Instead use adjective noun. (i.e.
baked bread)

• Making an appointment
• __Output or __Process

• Output
• B. Process

143
Thats right!!!

• Making an appointment
• __Output or __Process

• Output
• B. Process

144

• Teaching students
• __Output or __Process

• Output
• B. Process

145
Remember that you define outputs of an
organization as things or conditions. Avoid
using -ing or to verb noun to define an
output. Instead use adjective noun. (i.e.
baked bread)

• Teaching students
• __Output or __Process

• Output
• B. Process

146
Nice Work!!!

• Teaching students
• __Output or __Process

• Output
• B. Process

147

• Computer supplies bought __Output or __Process

• Output
• B. Process

148
Sorry.Remember processes often end in -ing or
are used in the following sense to verb
noun

• Computer supplies bought __Output or __Process

• Output
• B. Process

149
Nice!!!

• Computer supplies bought __Output or __Process

• Output
• B. Process

150

• Landscaped lawn
• __Output or __Process

• Output
• B. Process

151
A little reminder You define outputs of an
organization as things or conditions. Avoid
using -ing or to verb noun to define an
output. Instead use adjective noun. (i.e.
baked bread)

• Landscaped lawn
• __Output or __Process

• Output
• B. Process

152
Correct!!!

• Landscaped lawn
• __Output or __Process

• Output
• B. Process

153

• Training a dog
• __Output or __Process

• Output
• B. Process

154
Try once more. Remember to avoid using -ing or
to verb noun to define an output. Instead
use adjective noun. (i.e. baked bread)

• Training a dog
• __Output or __Process

• Output
• B. Process

155
Nice Work!!!

• Training a dog
• __Output or __Process

• Output
• B. Process

156

• Training materials distributed __Output or
  __Process

• Output
• B. Process

157
No, Remember that you define outputs of an
organization as things or conditions. Avoid
using -ing or to verb noun to define an
output. Instead use adjective noun. (i.e.
baked bread)

• Training materials distributed __Output or
  __Process

• Output
• B. Process

158
Nice Work!!!

• Training materials distributed __Output or
  __Process

• Output
• B. Process

159

• Sending electronic mail. __Output or __Process

• Output
• B. Process

160
Sorry but remember that you define outputs of
an organization as things or conditions.

• Sending electronic mail. __Output or __Process

• Output
• B. Process

161
Good Work!!!

• Sending electronic mail. __Output or __Process

• Output
• B. Process

162

• Goal-Directed Systems Design
• 1st select the ultimate goal
• of an organization

163

• Goal-Directed Systems Design
• 1st select the ultimate goal
• of an organization
• 2nd select the various levels
• of intermediate goals needed
• to accomplish that ultimate goal

164

• Goal-Directed Systems Design
• 1st select the ultimate goal
• of an organization
• 2nd select the various levels
• of intermediate goals needed
• to accomplish that ultimate goal
• 3rd select the initial goals needed to
  accomplish those intermediate goals

165

• In other words
• you decide what to accomplish first
• and then design goals
• that will enable you to accomplish what you have
  decided
• to accomplish.

166
Definition

• The ultimate goal is the highest level of the
  organizational goals and ought to involve
• the well-being of living creatures.

167
Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design important?
168
Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design important?

• Philosophically we believe.
• the world would
• be better off if every organization
• set their ultimate goal
• as the well-being of creatures
• on the earth, and derived
• the intermediate and initial goals
• from this ultimate goal.

169
Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design important?

• All of us should work toward this goal,
• and Goal-Directed Systems Design will help us
• achieve this ultimate goal.

170
Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design important?

• However
• We also think
• this might be too
• idealistic.

171
Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design important?

• Now just for the record
• We are not selling our philosophical stand.
• Instead,
• we are providing a technology
• that helps you accomplish whatever you want
• to accomplish.

172
Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design important?

• In fact
• You are learning
• to analyze organizational goals
• not from the well-being
• of living creatures
• but from the final output
• of an organization.

173
Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design important?

• Regardless of the goal
• you start with,
• Goal-Directed Systems Design
• is useful and effective
• because of its goal-directed nature, or in other
  words,
• top-down approach.

174
Definition

• Goal-directed approach
• A technology of designing
• organizational goals by defining
• higher goals of an organization first,
• and then selecting sub goals
• that are necessary to accomplish
• those higher goals.
• Thus, the accomplishment of each
• subgoal contributes to the accomplishment
• of the higher goals.

175
Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful?
176
Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful?

• 1
• It gives flexibility
• in designing organizations.

177
Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful?

• 1
• It gives flexibility
• in designing organizations.
• As long as the desired output
• is accomplished, the process
• that produces the output
• could be anything.

178
Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful?

• 1
• It gives flexibility
• in designing organizations.
• In systems engineering terms,
• this is called
• equifinality.

179
Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful?

• 1
• In systems engineering terms, this is called
  equifinality.

180
Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful?
1 It gives flexibility in designing
organizations.

• There are a number
• of different processes
• that can produce
• the same final output.
• For example

181
Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful?
1 It gives flexibility in designing
organizations.

• For example
• working in a training department
• at a company,
• you may feel that you must
• train people whenever
• there is a performance problem.

182
Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful?
1 It gives flexibility in designing
organizations.

• But, if you look
• at the desired outcome
• (i.e., job done),
• the best bet may NOT be training but rather a
  simple job aid
• (like the job aid were using
• to help you apply GDSD).

183
Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful?
1 It gives flexibility in designing
organizations.

• Or maybe the most
• cost-effective solution
• is performance-management contingencies
• (like the point contingencies were using to
  encourage you
• to apply GDSD to an area
• of professional interest).

184
Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful?
1 It gives flexibility in designing
organizations.

• Focusing on the output
• before selecting the process
• thus gives you flexibility
• in selecting processes.

185
Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful?

• 2
• We take a goal-directed approach
• in order to avoid
• two kinds of mistakes.

186
Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful?

• 2
• We take a goal-directed approach
• in order to avoid
• two kinds of mistakes.
• One is the activity trap
• and the other is the means-ends trap.

187
Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful?
2 We take a goal-directed approach in order to
avoid two kinds of mistakes (activity trap
means-end trap).

• In both kinds of traps, we fail to accomplish
  what we want to accomplish without even knowing
  it.

188
Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful?

• An activity trap
• occurs when you are satisfied with an activity or
  process without producing a valuable
  accomplishment or output.

189
Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful?

• For example
• An instructor at a university may use a lot of
  advanced technologies in her psychology class,
  such as an interactive video and
  computer-assisted instruction.

190
Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful?

• An activity trap occurs
• when she or the university
• is satisfied with the use
• of the technology and not concerned about how
  students are doing in the class.

191
Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful?

• It may be the case that
• the students are failing to learn the material
  because
• they lack the prerequisite skills necessary to
  make use
• of the material the instructor
• has presented.

192
Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful?

• To get around the trap,
• you have to focus on the output of a system.
• In this case,
• it is the students who learned the material.

193
Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful?

• A means-ends trap occurs
• when you are satisfied
• with the accomplishment of lower-level goals and
  not concerned
• with the accomplishment of higher-level goals to
  which
• the lower-level goals are supposed
• to contribute.

194
Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful?

• In the former example,
• suppose the instructor finally succeeded in
  making
• the students learn in the class.

195
Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful?

• A means-ends trap occurs,
• for example, when the students fail to succeed
  after they graduate from her class.
• The jobs they got do not require
• the skills she taught.

196
Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful?

• To get around this trap,
• you need to derive your goals
• from what you are ultimately attempting to
  accomplish.

197
Practice!!

• Read the definition of the goal-directed
  approach again
• a technology of designing organizational goals
  by defining higher goals of an organization
  first, and then selecting subgoals that are
  necessary to accomplish those higher goals

198
Practice!!-Activity 3

• For the following pairs
• of descriptions,
• indicate which is an example
• of a goal-directed approach.

199

• In order to achieve the well-being of humanity,
• we need to, for instance, raise funds
• and send the money to the third world countries.
• In order to achieve the well-being of humanity,
  we need to achieve the physical well-being of
  humanity and the psychological well-being of
  humanity.
• In order to achieve the physical well-being of
  humanity, we need to, for instance, decrease
  mortality rate.
• To decrease the mortality rate, for instance, we
  need to decrease Fetus Alcohol Syndrome.
• To decrease the FAS, we need to provide
  behavioral management programs to pregnant women.

Which is an example of a goal-directed approach?
(click your choice below) A. B.
200

• A. In order to achieve the well-being of
  humanity,
• we need to, for instance, raise funds
• and send the money to the third world countries.
• B. In order to achieve the well-being of
  humanity, we need to achieve the physical
  well-being of humanity and the psychological
  well-being of humanity.
• In order to achieve the physical well-being of
  humanity, we need to, for instance, decrease
  mortality rate.
• To decrease the mortality rate, for instance, we
  need to decrease Fetus Alcohol Syndrome.
• To decrease the FAS, we need to provide
  behavioral management programs to pregnant women.

Sorry. Remember the goal-directed approach is
a technology of designing organizational goals
by defining higher goals of an organization
first, and then selecting sub goals that are
necessary to accomplish those higher goals
Which is an example of a goal-directed approach?
(click your choice below) A. B.
201
Yup!!!

• In order to achieve the well-being of humanity,
  we need to, for instance, raise funds and send
  the money to the third world countries.
• B. In order to achieve the well-being of humanity
  we need to achieve the physical well-being of
  humanity and the psychological well-being of
  humanity.
• In order to achieve the physical well-being of
  humanity, we need to, for instance, decrease
  mortality rate.
• To decrease the mortality rate, for instance, we
  need to decrease Fetus Alcohol Syndrome.
• To decrease the FAS, we need to provide
  behavioral management programs to pregnant women.

Which is an example of a goal-directed approach?
(click your choice below) A. B.
202

• A. In order to provide nutritious and delicious
  food to customers with a reasonable price,
  basically we need food and customers. To get
  foods we need to buy materials and cook them. To
  get customers we need advertising.
• B. Because this restaurant is near a university,
  it would be better to serve fast foods.

Which is an example of a goal-directed approach?
(click your choice below) A. B.
203
Sorry. Heres a little refresher of the
definition of the goal-directed approach is a
technology of designing organizational goals by
defining higher goals of an organization first,
and then selecting subgoals that are necessary to
accomplish those higher goals

• A. In order to provide nutritious and delicious
  food to customers with a reasonable price,
  basically we need food and customers. To get
  foods we need to buy materials and cook them. To
  get customers we need advertising.
• B. Because this restaurant is near a university,
  it would be better to serve fast foods.

Which is an example of a goal-directed approach?
(click your choice below) A. B.
204
Keep it up!!!

• A. In order to provide nutritious and delicious
  food to customers with a reasonable price,
  basically we need food and customers. To get
  foods we need to buy materials and cook them. To
  get customers we need advertising.
• B. Because this restaurant is near a university,
  it would be better to serve fast foods.

Which is an example of a goal-directed approach?
(click your choice below) A. B.
205

• A. To increase the happiness of employees, we can
  improve physical and economical conditions of the
  employees. To improve their physical conditions,
  we can provide safety programs such as
  encouraging seat belt use, and a diet or
  nonsmoking program. To improve the economical
  conditions we can introduce social welfare
  programs and life insurance.
• B. To decrease the time loss from injuries, we
  need to introduce safety programs such as
  encouraging seat belt use.

Which is an example of a goal-directed approach?
(click your choice below) A. B.
206
Remember The goal-directed approach is a
technology of designing organizational goals by
defining higher goals of an organization first,
and then selecting subgoals that are necessary to
accomplish those higher goals

• A. To increase the happiness of employees, we can
  improve physical and economical conditions of the
  employees. To improve their physical conditions,
  we can provide safety programs such as
  encouraging seat belt use, and a diet or
  nonsmoking program. To improve the economical
  conditions we can introduce social welfare
  programs and life insurance.
• B. To decrease the time loss from injuries, we
  need to introduce safety programs such as
  encouraging seat belt use.

Which is an example of a goal-directed approach?
(click your choice below) A. B.
207
Great Work!!!

• A. To increase the happiness of employees, we can
  improve physical and economical conditions of the
  employees. To improve their physical conditions,
  we can provide safety programs such as
  encouraging seat belt use, and a diet or
  nonsmoking program. To improve the economical
  conditions we can introduce social welfare
  programs and life insurance.
• B. To decrease the time loss from injuries, we
  need to introduce safety programs such as
  encouraging seat belt use.

Which is an example of a goal-directed approach?
(click your choice below) A. B.
208

• A. To improve our current rate of productivity,
  we need to redecorate the employee break room.
  Then we need to provide better foods in our
  cafeteria, and also encourage the bosses to speak
  more kindly to the employees on the manufacturing
  floor.
• B. To improve our current rate of productivity,
  we need to examine the current rate, decide on a
  goal rate, and provide rewards for the employees
  contingent upon achieving the goal rate.

Which is an example of a goal-directed approach?
(click your choice below) A. B.
209

• A. To improve our current rate of productivity,
  we need to redecorate the employee break room.
  Then we need to provide better foods in our
  cafeteria, and also encourage the bosses to speak
  more kindly to the employees on the manufacturing
  floor.
• B. To improve our current rate of productivity,
  we need to examine the current rate, decide on a
  goal rate, and provide rewards for the employees
  contingent upon achieving the goal rate.

Which is an example of a goal-directed approach?
(click your choice below) A. B.
210
Nice!!!

• A. To improve our current rate of productivity,
  we need to redecorate the employee break room.
  Then we need to provide better foods in our
  cafeteria, and also encourage the bosses to speak
  more kindly to the employees on the manufacturing
  floor.
• B. To improve our current rate of productivity,
  we need to examine the current rate, decide on a
  goal rate, and provide rewards for the employees
  contingent upon achieving the goal rate.

Which is an example of a goal-directed approach?
(click your choice below) A. B.
211

• Although it is ideal to analyze organizational
  goals
• from the ultimate goal,
• it is often difficult
• and time consuming.

212

• Therefore, in this program, you will only be
  asked to start analyzing organizational goals
  with a final output
• of organizations.

213

• Final output
• The final product
• of an organization that
• is distributed outside
• the organization.

214

• Final output
• It is defined in terms
• of things or conditions
• but not in terms of activities
• or behaviors.

215

• For example
• The final output of this workbook
• is students who can use Goal-Directed Systems
  Design
• but not teaching students how to use
  Goal-Directed Systems Design.
• This is a very important point.

216

• Note
• Once you finish an outline,
• it is a good idea to go back
• and examine your final output
• and make sure it is defined
• in terms of things or conditions
• and not in terms of activities
• or behaviors.

217

• A rough rule
• the final output is usually
• what the organization gets paid for.
• Another way to put it is that
• the final output is the purpose of the
  organization.

218
Definition

• A final output of an organization is the final
  product that is distributed outside the
  organization.

219
Practice!!-Activity 4

• The following are descriptions of final outputs
  
• for some organizations.
• Identify which is an example
• of a final output
• in each pair.

220

• Which is an example of a final output of an
  automobile company?

A. Net profits 30 increase. B. Automobiles
manufactured. (click on your choice below)
A. B.
221
Remember that the output is the final outcome or
goal of the process. It is defined as a thing or
condition.

• Which is an example of a final output of an
  automobile company?

A. Net profits 30 increase. B. Automobiles
manufactured. (click on your choice below)
A. B.
222
Great!!!

• Which is an example of a final output of an
  automobile company?

A. Net profits 30 increase. B. Automobiles
manufactured. (click on your choice below)
A. B.
223

• Which is an example of a final output of a
  university?

A. Graduates, 1000 BAs, 60 MAs, and 10 Ph.Ds per
year. B. An increase in employees commitment to
the university. (click on your choice below)
A. B.
224
Remember that the output is the final outcome or
goal of the process. It is defined as a thing or
condition.

• Which is an example of a final output of a
  university?

A. Graduates, 1000 BAs, 60 MAs, and 10 Ph.Ds per
year. B. An increase in employees commitment to
the university. (click on your choice below)
A. B.
225

• Which is an example of a final output of a
  university?

Yup!!!
A. Graduates, 1000 BAs, 60 MAs, and 10 Ph.Ds per
year. B. An increase in employees commitment to
the university. (click on your choice below)
A. B.
226

• Which is an example of a final output of a
  mental health hospital?

A. People who become functional in society. B.
Reduction of labor costs. (click on your choice
below)
A. B.
227
No, Remember that you define outputs of an
organization as things or conditions. Avoid
using -ing or to verb noun to define an
output. Instead use adjective noun. (i.e.
baked bread)

• Which is an example of a final output of a
  mental health hospital?

A. People who become functional in society. B.
Reduction of labor costs. (click on your choice
below)
A. B.
228

• Which is an example of a final output of a
  mental health