LANGUAGE FLASH CARDS

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LANGUAGE FLASH CARDS
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REGULAR, IRREGULAR, COMPOUND, COLLECTIVE

• NOUN FORMS

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REGULAR NOUNS

• The regular way to form a plural noun is to add
  an s (dogs, horses). The plural of some nouns is
  formed by adding an es (buses, foxes). Also, drop
  the y, add i and es. Musical terms do not end in
  es (pianos, silos, altos, sopranos, etc.)
• Some nouns are the same in the singular and
  plural (sheep, trout, deer, salmon)

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IRREGULAR NOUNS

• Undergoes a spelling change (woman women goose
  geese)

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COMPOUND NOUNS

• Written as one word and is formed by adding s or
  es (cupfuls, strongboxes)
• The plural of compound nouns consisting of a noun
  plus a modifier is formed by making the modified
  noun plural sisters-in-law editors in chief

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COLLECTIVE NOUNS

• Name a group.
• Examples jury, swarm, staff, team, band, troop,
  herd, etc.
• May be either singular or plural depending upon
  the meaning in the sentence ( will discuss more
  with S-V agreement)

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REGULAR AND IRREGULAR

• VERB FORMS

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REGULAR VERBS

• One that forms its past and past participle by
  adding d or ed (walk walked ease eased)

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IRREGULAR VERBS

• One that forms its past and past participle in
  some other way than the regular verb ( drink,
  drank, have drunk catch, caught, have caught)

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Singular subjects must AGREE with singular verbs.
Plural subjects must AGREE with plural verbs.

• SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

Click for Definition
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NUMBER

• A verb must agree with its subject in number
  (singular one, plural more than one)
• The number of the subject is not changed by
  intervening phrases or clauses (FLUFF)

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SINGULAR PRONOUNS

• Each, either, neither, one, everyone, no one,
  nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody,
  everybody, much
• Neither is in the classroom.

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PLURAL PRONOUNS

• Several, few, both, many, others
• Many are becoming endangered.

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SINGULAR OR PLURAL PRONOUNS

• Some, any, none, all, most may be either singular
  or plural depending on the meaning of the
  sentence. (LOOK AT THE OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION!)

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OTHER RULES TO REMEMBER

• Singular subjects joined by or or nor generally
  take a singular verb.
• When a singular subject and a plural subject are
  joined by or or nor, the verb agrees in number
  with the second one.
• Be careful with inverted word order (verb comes
  first).
• Nouns of amount are generally singular.

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A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in two
ways number and gender. ANTECEDENT What the
pronouns refers to.

• PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT

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NUMBER SINGULAR OR PLURAL

• GENDER - MASCULINE, FEMININE, or NEUTER
• Refer to singular and plural pronouns already
  discussed.

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Do not shift needlessly from one tense to
another.(present participle, past, past
participle)

• SHIFTS IN TENSE

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3 cases of personal pronounsNominative
(subject, PN)Objective (DO, IO, OP)Possessive
(shows ownership never spelled with an
apostrophe)

• PRONOUN CASE

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HINTS WITH PRONOUNS

• Drop the noun and leave the pronoun (Tammy and I
  were studying.)
• Say pronouns separately
• (She, Her) and (I, me) are going to the
  movies.

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ACTIVE when the subject does the actionPASSIVE
when the action is performed on the subject

• EFFECTIVE USE OF VOICE

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HINTS WITH VOICE

• Passive voice USUALLY has was or were
• Passive voice will often have by

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Describes or limits the meaning of another word.

• MODIFIERS

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DANGLING MODIFIERS

• When there is no word that the phrase or clause
  can modify.
• Example Eating my dinner quietly, the explosion
  made me jump. (There needs to be a noun or
  pronoun for the modifier to describe.) CORRECT
  Eating my dinner, I jumped when I heard the
  explosion.

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MISSPLACED MODIFIER

• The modifier describes the wrong word in the
  sentence.
• EXAMPLE The photographer, soaring over the
  cliff, took a picture of the eagle.
• CORRECT The photographer took a picture of the
  eagle soaring over the cliff.

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Learn to appropriately use words that sound or
look alike.(A list will be given.)

• COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS

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Words that create clarity, precision, and vivid
description.

• APPROPRIATE WORD CHOICE

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TERMS WITH WORD CHOICE

• CLARITY - clear
• PRECISION - to the point measurements amounts,
  etc.
• VIVID DESCRIPTION - details uses imagery
• REDUNDANCY - repetitive wording

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FORMAL LANGUAGE does not include the use of
slang, contractions, 2nd person pronouns, and
jargon used in reports, textbooks, research
papersINFORMAL LANGUAGE includes the previous
items used in conversations with friends and in
friendly letters

• FORMAL AND INFORMAL LANGUAGE

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RUN-ON sentence When two sentences are not
separated at allSENTENCE FRAGMENT part of a
sentence it does not express a complete thought
with a subject and verbCOMMA SPLICE When two
sentences are separated by a comma

• SENTENCE STRUCTURE

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PARALLEL STRUCTURE Use the same grammatical
formEXAMPLE I enjoy reading and to exercise.
CORRECT I enjoy reading and exercising.

• INTERNAL PARALLELISM

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Capitalize proper nouns and proper
adjectives.Capitalize titles.A direct quote
begins with a capital letter.

• CORRECT USE OF CAPITALIZATION

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Use commas to separate items in a series.Words
used in direct address are set off by commas.Use
a comma before and, but, or, nor, for, yet when
they join independent clauses.Use commas to set
off nonessential elements.Use commas with direct
quotations.

• CORRECT USE OF COMMAS

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Use a semicolon between independent clauses not
joined by and, but, for, or, nor, yet.Use a
semicolon between independent clauses joined by
conjunctive adverbs. Use a semicolon between
items in a series if the items contain
commas.Use a colon before a list of items (but
not after a verb or preposition)

• CORRECT USE OF SEMICOLON AND COLON

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Use quotation marks to enclose a direct
quotation.Use quotation marks to enclose titles
of chapters, articles, short poems, short
stories, and songs. (SMALL THINGS)Use
underlining for titles of books, periodicals,
newspapers, works of art, and ships. (LARGE
THINGS)

• CORRECT USE OF QUOTATION MARKS AND UNDERLINING

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To form the possessive case of a singular noun,
add an apostrophe and s. (Helens dress)To form
the possessive case of a plural noun, add only
the apostrophe. (girls hats)EXCEPTION FOR SOME
PLURAL FORMS, ADD AN APOSTROPHE AND S. (mens
hats)Use an apostrophe to show where letters
have been omitted in a contraction. (weve)

• CORRECT USE OF APOSTROPHES

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Paragraphs must contain introduction (capture
the readers interest), body (ideas to develop
the paragraph) and conclusion (should round out
the treatment of the topic).TRASITIONAL WORDS
link ideas together is a paragraph use them
appropriately

• LOGICAL PROGRESSION AND COMPLETENESS OF PARAGRAPHS

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• IF YOU KNOW THESE STANDARDS AND OBJECTIVES AND
  CAN APPLY THEM, YOU WILL BE SUCCESSFUL IN PASSING
  THE AHSGE!