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English Language and Composition

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Title: English Language and Composition


1
AP TEST REVIEW
  • English Language and Composition

2
To prepare for the test
  • Study your AP rhetorical flash cards
  • Quiz yourself
  • Remember, you need to know these words to answer
    multiple choice questions AND to write the
    rhetorical analysis essay.
  • Look at the prompts I have given you that we have
    not written in class. Think about how you would
    write those essays.
  • Review the MLA format to prepare for those
    questions on the multiple choice section
  • Look at essays I have graded and returned to you.
    What did you do well? What could you have done
    better?

3
Test Day
  • Several pencils 2
  • Several black pensno white out allowed
  • YOU MUST USE A PEN ON THE ESSAY PORTION OF THE
    EXAM
  • Eat Breakfast!
  • BE HERE! BE EARLY!

4
. Multiple Choice Section About 55 questions1
hour2. EssaysSelf-paced (40 minutes each 15
minute reading period)
Test Reminders 3 Hours and 15 minutes
5
  • MULTIPLE CHOICE

6
Types of Multiple Choice Questions
  • 1. The straightforward question
  • 2. The question that refers you to specific lines
    and asks you to draw a conclusion or to interpret
  • 3. The ALL EXCEPT question
  • 4. The question that asks you to make an
    inference or to abstract a concept not directly
    stated in the passage
  • 5. The killer Roman numeral question
  • 6. The footnote question

7
Specific Techniques
  • Anticipate the right answer
  • Figure out the answer BEFORE looking at the
    possible choices
  • Eliminate obviously wrong answers
  • Remember, you can write on the test
  • Rhetorical strategy questions are usually
    straightforward
  • Look for key words that make an answer wrong
    cross it out
  • Watch for answers that are too narrow or too
    broad be wary of absolutes
  • Be an ACTIVE READER you know what this means!
  • Annotating is not optional!
  • Try to visualize the info as you read it dont
    try memorizing facts

8
Specific Techniques (continued)
  • Every 10 questions, check to make sure you are
    bubbling the right answer
  • Watch your time dont leave any unanswered
  • Mentally paraphrase sections as you read
  • Skip hard questions and come back to them
  • Go back before moving on to the next passage
  • Skim the questions before reading the passage
  • Skip ones that have specific line numbers

9
  • Rhetorical Analysis Essay

10
Rhetorical Analysis
  • This essay ask you to analyze another authors
    use of
  • 1.structure
  • 2. purpose
  • 3. style
  • Remember, you are writing about HOW they
    construct their argument, not merely what their
    argument is. Do not summarize!

11
Organizing Your Essay
  • When writing your introduction paragraph, get to
    the point quickly. Dont use information from the
    prompt to pad your intro
  • Your body paragraphs should be all about what the
    writer said, how he said it, and why he said it
    the way he did for his purpose.

12
SAMPLE Analysis Questions
  • Analyze an authors view on a specific subject
  • Analyze rhetorical devices used by an author to
    achieve his or her purpose
  • Analyze stylistic elements in a passage and their
    effects
  • Analyze the authors tone and how the author
    conveys this tone
  • Discuss the intended and/or probable effect of a
    passage

13
SAMPLE Analysis Questions Cont.
  • Compare and/or contrast two passages with regard
    to style, purpose, or tone
  • Analyze the authors purpose and how he or she
    achieves it
  • Analyze some of the ways an author recreates a
    real or imagined experience
  • Analyze how an author presents him or herself in
    the passage

14
Elements of Style (Rhetorical Devices)
  • 1. subject matter
  • 2. selection of detail
  • 3. organization
  • 4. point of view
  • 5. diction
  • 6. figures of speech
  • 7. tone

15
Reading the Prompt
  • Plan to spend a couple minutes carefully reading
    and deconstructing the question
  • Circle or underline the essential terms and
    elements in the prompt
  • If the prompt requires more than one element, you
    must use more than one!
  • A.P. Address the Prompt

16
While Reading the Passage
  • ANNOTATE

17
WARNINGS
  • Avoid paraphrasing the material
  • Use TEXTUAL evidence Be specific
  • Analyze the textual evidence dont just
    summarize/paraphrase it say something about it
    and how it relates.
  • Use transitions
  • Vary your syntax
  • Make SPECIFIC analysis! (Avoid The authors
    diction good syntax keeps your attention)

18
IMPORTANT
  • Connect every strategy to the authors idea or
    main point.
  • e.g. Dillard uses violent imagery such as
    crunching, bites, and splitting in order to
    foreshadow her point at the end that people
    should shed their lackadaisical ways and live
    with passion.
  • or e.g. Words such as bites, killing, and
    splitting, foreshadow the intensity of her
    purpose.

19
  • ARGUMENTATIVE/
  • OPEN-ENDED ESSAY

20
The Basics
  • 2 Possibilities A given text to support,
    qualify, or refute or a broad issue upon which
    you must take a side
  • If you are responding to a text, be sure you
    understand the position taken by the author
  • Take a specific stand you may qualify the
    claim, but be specific in what you support and
    what you dont. You may also support or refute
    the prompt
  • When supporting a prompt, you must include your
    own original ideas dont just parrot the prompt.

21
The Basics (cont.)
  • Clearly and logically support your claim
  • Argue your point(s) rationally despite how you
    may personally feel
  • Remember, this is an essay not a diatribe
  • Relevant anecdotal and/or outside information is
    good
  • Connecting your experience to broader, more
    objective evidence is better
  • Good to develop an authorial voice, but be
    mindful of your audience (triangle!)
  • As always, be sure you ADDRESS THE PROMPT!

22
EXAMPLES OF GOOD EVIDENCE FOR YOU TO USE IN YOUR
RESPONSE
  • Facts/ statistics
  • Details
  • Quotations
  • Dialogue
  • Needed definitions
  • Recognition of the opposition
  • Examples
  • Anecdotes
  • Contrasts and comparisons
  • Cause and effect
  • Appeal to authority

23
Classical Argumentative Scheme
  • Part 1 Introductory Paragraph
  • -catch interest
  • -present the issue or topic with concrete image
    or anecdote
  • -provide any relevant background information
  • -define pertinent terms
  • -state claim

24
Classical Argumentative Scheme Cont..
  • Part 2 Concession and Refutation
  • -ignoring the other side is dangerous
  • -find weaknesses within the opposing reasons,
    facts, testimonies, etc.
  • -yes, is the concession but is the
    refutation
  • -you still must demonstrate that your claims are
    more valid
  • -you may concede or refute in the introductory
    paragraph or through the body paragraphs as you
    bring up additional points

25
Classical Argumentative Scheme Cont.
  • Part 3 Confirmation Paragraphs
  • -the most important and longest section of the
    argument
  • -provides the reasons and the evidence of a
    writers claim
  • -shows the logical development of the argument
  • -should include both logical reasons and evidence
    but also emotional appeals to human needs or
    values
  • -incorporate other modes of discourse to further
    develop your writing

26
Classical Argumentative Scheme Cont.
  • Part 4 Concluding Paragraph
  • -wrap up the argument
  • -restate the claim
  • -provide a new appeal to needs or values
  • -enrich with additional commentary
  • -voice a final plea for readers to take action or
    to change thinking
  • -refrain from repeating any information

27
  • SYNTHESIS ESSAY

28
What is the Purpose?
  • The College Board wants to determine that you
    can
  • -Read critically
  • -Understand texts
  • -Analyze texts
  • -Develop a position on a given topic
  • -Support a position with appropriate evidence
    from outside sources
  • -Incorporate outside sources into the text of the
    essay
  • -Cite sources used
  • -And most importantly, THINK for yourself

29
Source Possibilities
  • Six or seven documents
  • Short works
  • At least one visual, non textual (charts,
    cartoons, tables, etc.)
  • Black and white print
  • Opposing views
  • You are invited to join the conversation

30
Points to Remember
  • YOU are choosing your view and using the sources
    to support that view
  • Weaker writers have a tendency to paraphrase and
    list - dont do that
  • Use at least three sources
  • Use them naturally
  • Cite/ attribute sources
  • Have a conversation with the texts dont merely
    report what they have to say
  • Like in the open-ended prompt, you are welcome to
    support, qualify, and refute the sources!

31
Points to Remember (continued)
  • Judge the validity of the sources
  • Essays starting with an anecdote tend to score
    higher if possible, refer back to it later in
    the essay
  • You are welcome to add examples of real life
    scenarios and facts if they help prove your
    argument
  • The vast majority of the essay needs to be YOUR
    thoughts
  • As always, make sure you are answering the prompt

32
  • The test is 3 hrs and 15 minutes long. You have
    one hour for the first section, multiple choice.
    This section consists of 52-58 multiple choice
    questions over 4 or 5 passages, mostly
    nonfiction. (45 of score)
  • Your have a fifteen minute reading period and
    then 2 hours to complete the 3 essays. The essays
    are prose analysis, argumentation, and synthesis.
    Sometimes a double passage requires you to
    compare and contrast 2 pieces based on rhetorical
    strategies. (55 of score)

33
  • Pay close attention to the connotation of words
  • Pace yourself
  • Annotate
  • Remember HOW not plot summary
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