Unit 6: Adjustment and Breakdown

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Unit 6 Adjustment and Breakdown

• Ch 15 Stress and Health
• Ch 16 Psychological Disorders
• Ch 17 Therapy and Change

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Ch 15 Stress and Health

• Stress

• The anxious or threatening feeling resulting from
  _____________ of a situation our perception of
  the ___________________.
• Some see it as an _______ that produces tension
  or worry. Some see it as a persons physical
  psychological _______ to such an event. Some see
  it as a persons ________ of the event.

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• Components of stress
• A stressor is a ____________ event or situation.
• Stress reaction refers to the bodys
  _______________ to a stressor.
• Distress is ____________ that comes from anxiety.
• Eustress is ___________ that comes from
  motivating strivings challenges.
• The cognitive model of stress refers to how
  people perceive evaluate a situation before
  _______________________.

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• Conflict situations

• Occur when a person ____________ b/w 2 or more
  options that tend to result from ______________.
• Ex. Go to a movie w/ friends or stay home study
  for a psychology test?
• __________________ you want to socialize do
  well in school.
• 4 types
• 1. _______________ conflict the person must
  choose b/w 2 ____________ alternatives.
• 2. __________________ conflict the person must
  confront 2 ____________ alternatives.
• 3. __________________ conflict the person
  _____________________, but has fears doubts, or
  is repulsed by it as well.
• 4. ________________________ conflict the person
  must choose b/w 2 or more alternatives, each of
  which has __________ ___________ aspects.
• Our primary appraisal refers to our ___________
  ____________ of a situation. There are 3 types
  irrelevant, positive, or negative.
• Our secondary appraisal refers to deciding how to
  deal w/ a situation what ______________ to use.

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• Environmental stresses

• Noise Americans regard noise as one of the
  ______________ in their lives. Its particularly
  aggravating when it is loud, irregular, /or
  ______________.
• 3rd 4th graders in the flight path of major
  airports showed higher _______ ___________
  stress hormones.
• Crowding Its a problem when you __________.
• Can lead to ___________.
• _______________ can be positive or negative.
• Death, marriage, divorce, moving, etc
• Hassles relatively ______________ stressors.
• Lost keys, stuck in traffic, etc
• Can gradually weaken your ___________.
• Uplifts are small, _______________ that can
  stress.

End Section 1
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• Our reactions to stress

• Many physiological responses to stress are
  ____________ that probably evolved to cope w/
  ____________________.
• But what worked for our remote ancestors isnt
  always as ________ in our modern society.
• Peoples reactions to stress __________.
• Reactions may be physical, ___________, or
  behavioral.
• But these are all __________, so problems in
  one area may lead to ___________________.
• Ex. If youre having psychological issues, that
  may trigger a _______________.

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• Fight-or-flight response

• Response in reaction to an _______.
• Regardless of the stressor, the body reacts w/
  ____________________.
• The adrenal glands begin producing
• 1. Hormones that the amount of blood sugar
  for _________.
• 2. _________ which causes rapid heartbeat
  breathing. It also enables the body to _________
  _______________.
• Those responses are designed to prepare a person
  for ____________.
• Necessary in wild animals ( sometimes humans)
  for ______.
• If the stress persists for a long time, the
  bodys resources are used up. The person
  ___________________ in extreme cases dies.

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• General adaptation syndrome

• Has 3 stages
• 1. ____ fight-or-flight response occurs
  person becomes _____________.
• 2. __________ the person often finds means to
  cope w/ the stressor.
• Ex. Telling yourself to _________.
• Person may suffer psychosomatic symptoms
  (_________________ caused by stress or tension).
• If _______________________ continues, the
  individual reaches the 3rd stage
• 3. _________ the continuous release of hormones
  during the fight-or-flight response has left the
  person exhausted unable to _____________________
  __. He/she may become disoriented delirious.

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• Emotional cognitive responses to stress

• Emotional reactions include
• Anxiety (a vague, generalized apprehension or
  ________________)
• Anger (the irate reaction likely to result from
  ___________)
• Fear (the usual reaction when a stressor involves
  ________________ danger) it directs the person
  to flee, but in severe cases he/she may panic
  be __________________.
• Common examples of emotional stress reactions are
  overreacting to _______ __________, getting no
  joy from daily pleasures, doubting ones
  _____________.
• Cognitive reactions include
• Difficulty ____________
• Recurring thoughts
• Poor ______________
• Unjustified _________________

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• Prolonged stress

• Prolonged stress can lead to __________. People
  who are burned out are incapable of doing their
  job well are physically ______________________
  _______.
• Prolonged stress, in combination w/ other
  factors, adversely affects ____________.
• It doesnt cause mental illness, but can
  contribute to the ________ of it.
• Post-traumatic stress disorder is when a person
  who has experienced a __________ ________ feels
  severe long-lasting ____________. It
  overwhelms a persons normal sense of reality
  ability to cope.

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• Behavioral responses to stress

• Behavioral reactions include
• __________________
• Overeat or not eat enough
• Smoke or drink more
• ____________
• ____________ for no reason
• Develop a shaky voice, tremors, etc
• Changes in _________
• Lose interest in grooming, bathing, etc
• ____________
• ______________ may occur at times like the
  people who risk their lives during disasters to
  help others.
• Severe stress can contribute to the development
  of an _______________ which can lead to
  alcoholism, drug addiction, __________________,
  etc

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• Physical responses to stress

• Our thoughts emotions can produce ___________
  changes in our bodies.
• Physical reactions include
• Initial fight-or-flight response leads to faster
  _____________.
• _____________________ such as headaches,
  stomachaches, muscle pains.
• Weakens the _________________.
• Contributing cause to illnesses like ulcers,
  ____________, arthritis, asthma, _______
  disease.

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• Factors influencing reactions to stress

• People have _________________ to stress. Some
  factors that influence their reactions include
• _________________________.
• Some peoples personalities make them
  ________________ to stress.
• Perceived ______________ stressors.
• Physical disorders are more likely when we dont
  have control over stressors. _______________ is
  also detrimental. People prefer __________
  stress over unpredictable stress.
• Social support (information that leads someone to
  believe that he/she is cared for, ______,
  respected, part of a network of communication
  ___________________).
• Helps to the effects of stressful
  situations. Offer 4 types of support
  _________, appraisal (_________), informational
  (advice), ___________ (assistance).

End Section 2
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• Coping w/ stress

• Coping w/ stress is a way of trying to _____
  _______ over a part of your life.
• People cope w/ stress in ______________.
• Sometimes we act in ways that arent in our
  ____________. When we act in ways that hurt
  others, those are known as _________ ways of
  coping.
• Our cognitive appraisal is our ___________ of an
  event that helps determine its _____ _______.
• If we appraise a situation as a _______ that we
  can meet, our stress level .
• If we appraise a situation as a _____, our stress
  level .
• ________ can affect our cognitive appraisal.

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• Defensive coping strategies

• Denial a coping mechanism in which a person
  decides that the event _________ _________.
• Intellectualization a coping mechanism in which
  the person analyzes a situation from an
  ____________________ viewpoint.
• Both denial intellectualization can prevent
  ________________ to stress.
• Can lead to failing to deal w/ what could be a
  ___________________.
• Stress reactions are more likely to occur when
  ___________________.

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• Active coping strategies

• By appraising a situation as a ________ not a
  ________, we can adopt an active coping strategy.
• Active coping strategies involve changing our
  environment or ____________________ to remove
  stressors or the level of stress.
• ________ refers to traits of control,
  commitment, challenge.
• Controlling stressful situations escape or
  withdrawal if you cant withdrawal, controlling
  its _______ can be helpful.
• ________________ confronting the problem
  head-on by coming up w/ a rational analysis
  leading to an appropriate decision. It helps to
  regard situations as ______________ _________.
• Explanatory style ________ vs. __________.

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• Relaxation many relaxation techniques were
  developed to help ___________________.
• Progressive relaxation involves lying down
  comfortably then tensing releasing the tension
  in each _________________.
• Meditation involves focusing attention w/ the
  goal of clearing ones mind producing an
  _____________.
• Biofeedback (the process of learning to
  ________________ by monitoring the states to be
  controlled) helps to consciously control things
  like blood pressure muscle tension.
• Humor laughing releases the ______ of pent-up
  feelings.
• _______ stress by providing an outlet
  for physical arousal may burn off
  ________________.

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• Support groups/professional help specialize in
  helping people w/ specific _______________________
  _ (ex. therapists, AA, Weight Watchers, etc).
• _______ helps to prepare for events which
  stress. Exposure to moderate stressors in a
  ___________ ______________ environment helps a
  person gain ___________.
• Improving ____________________ developing
  skills to deal w/ others.

End Section 3
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• Stress in your life

• Growing up involves gaining a sense of autonomy
  (the ability to take care of oneself make ones
  __________).
• Going to college can be personally ________ but
  requires adjustment.
• Many people approach going to college w/ high
  often ___________________________.
• They dont have the experience to make realistic
  choices or the ____________________ their own
  motives needs.
• College may challenge the ________ a student has
  established in high school.
• Usually a greater amount of ________ at college.
• May lead to the formation of developmental
  friendships (friends who force each other to
  reexamine their _________________ perhaps adopt
  new ideas beliefs).
• Coping strategies include ___________________,
  avoid doubts by wasting your time, resynthesis
  (combining old ideas w/ new ones reorganizing
  feelings in order to ______________________).

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• Getting a _______
• Work experience is different for everyone
  people _____________ to their jobs based on their
  ____________.
• ______________ refers to the attitude a worker
  has towards his/her job. 5 major sources of job
  satisfaction are
• 1. __________ having enough help supplies to
  do the job well.
• 2. Financial reward salary _______.
• 3. _______ job is interesting allows worker
  to use his/her _________.
• 4. Relations w/ __________.
• 5. _________ working conditions are attractive
  comfortable.
• Comparable worth is the concept that ____ ______
  should receive _______ for jobs of comparable
  skill responsibility.

End Section 4
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Ch 16 Psychological Disorders

• Defining identifying psychological disorders

• Just b/c a person is different from the norm
  doesnt mean he/she has a _____________.
• So how do we __________ if someone does have a
  mental illness? There are 3 ways
• 1. ____________________ Acting in a way that is
  not considered normal.
• What is _______ may vary in different
  societies.
• Not always __________.
• 2. ___________ Able to get along in the world,
  physically, _____, socially.
• ________, destructive, /or isolated.

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• 3. _____________________
• Some psychologists say that a normal/healthy
  person is one who is _______________ or who is
  striving toward ideal functioning.
• Others believe that to be normal/healthy involves
  full acceptance expression of ones own
  ______________ _________________.
• Its irresponsible to label someone mentally ill
  b/c their _______________.
• Minor psychological disorders _________.

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• The problem of classification

• The causes symptoms of psychological disorders
  their cures are rarely ___________________.
• Since 1952, the APA (_____________________
  _________) agreed upon a system of classifying
  abnormal symptoms published it in the DSM. The
  DSM-5 is the 6th version of the Diagnostic and
  Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
• See p. 452 for major categories of psychological
  disorders.
• W/in each category, the following descriptions
  are included
• 1. ___________________ defining characteristics
• 2. _________________ additional features that
  are usually present
• 3. Differential diagnosis how to distinguish it
  from ____________
• 4. Diagnostic criteria a list of symptoms that
  _______________ for a positive diagnosis

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• A patient often has more than ________________.
• To help w/ diagnoses, the DSM-5 uses 5 major
  dimensions or axes to describe a persons
  ____________________
• Axis I Clarifies _____________________.
• Axis II Describes developmental disorders
  long-standing ______________________.
• Axis III Describes physical disorders or medical
  conditions that are potentially relevant to
  __________________________ for each person.
• Axis IV Measurement of the ________________ the
  person is functioning at.
• Axis V Describes the _____________ of adaptive
  functioning present w/in the past year.
• Adaptive functioning refers to 3 major areas
  social relations (family friends),
  ____________________ (work), leisure time
  (activities or hobbies).
• The 5 axes help researchers see connections b/w
  different disorders other factors like stress.
• Many people develop a ______ at some point, but
  they are often ____________.

End Section 1
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• Anxiety disorders

• Anxiety is a general state of ____________
  ________ that a person feels in response to a
  real or imagined danger.
• People w/ anxiety disorders suffer from anxiety
  that is _________________ to the situation
  provoking it. The intense anxiety may interfere
  w/ __________________ in everyday life.
• People w/ these disorders share characteristics
  like feelings of _____ (duh!), feelings of
  _______________, avoidance of dealing w/
  problems.
• Their emotional problems may be expressed w/
  _______________ like headaches, sweating,
  fatigue, etc
• Anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety
  disorder, ______________, panic disorder,
  obsessive-compulsive disorder,
  _____________________ disorder.

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• Generalized anxiety disorder

• While fear is a reaction to real identifiable
  threats, anxiety is a reaction to
  ___________________ __________.
• People w/ generalized anxiety disorder experience
  a continuous, generalized anxiety. They fear
  __________________ are unable to make decisions
  or ___________.
• They may become so preoccupied w/ their internal
  problems that they neglect their
  __________________.
• May develop physical symptoms such as muscular
  tension, an __________ _____, a furrowed brow,
  a strained face. Other symptoms include poor
  appetite, indigestion, diarrhea, difficulty
  __________.
• May be partly ___________ /or influenced by a
  ____________ as a child.

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• Phobic disorder

• A phobia is a ___________ focused on a particular
  object, animal, activity, or situation that seems
  _____________ to the ______________ involved.
• 3 types
• ________ phobias can focus on anything or
  situation.
• Social phobias involve fearing that you will
  _______________ in a public place.
• Agoraphobia extreme fear of being in a
  _____________.
• Phobias range in intensity from mild to extremely
  ________.
• Phobic individuals develop _________ __________
  the situations they fear.

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• Panic disorder

• An extreme anxiety that manifests itself in the
  form of ______________.
• Panic is a feeling of sudden, _________ _______.
• During a panic attack, a person experiences
  ____________________ attacks of intense anxiety,
  leading the person to feel a sense of doom /or
  the feeling that he/she is about to _____.
• Symptoms include a sense of __________, choking,
  or difficulty _______ as well as faintness,
  dizziness, nausea, ____________.
• Attacks occur w/o ______ usually last a couple
  of minutes, but may last over an hour.
• Panic disorder may be _______ in part. The 1st
  attack usually occurs after a _________________.

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• OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder)

• The obsessiveness is characterized by an
  ____________________ of thoughts. This may lead
  to compulsions which are _________ __________
  coping behaviors.
• These things dont always __________________.
• Everyone has obsessions compulsions. Its only
  considered a problem when such thoughts
  activities ___________ w/ what a person wants
  needs to do.
• Most people w/ OCD realize that their thoughts
  actions are irrational, but feel ____________
  them.
• Runs in ________.
• Examples of compulsions typical of OCD include
  _______________ excessively, counting, excessive
  attention to _________, etc

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• Post-traumatic stress disorder

• A condition in which a person who has experienced
  a traumatic event feels severe long-lasting
  ________________.
• Common among ____________________ _______ as well
  as survivors of terrorism, natural disasters,
  ___________, human aggression.
• The event that triggers the disorder overwhelms a
  persons ______________ ability to cope. The
  disorder may begin immediately after the event or
  develop ______________.
• Symptoms are __________, recurring nightmares,
  insomnia, /or feelings of ________.
• __________ who experiences a traumatic event
  develops this disorder.

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End Section 2
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• Somatoform disorders

• Are physical symptoms for which there is no
  apparent ________________.
• There are 2 major types
• 1. Conversion disorders occur when a person
  changes emotional difficulties into a loss of a
  specific _____________________.
• There is no actual ____________, but the person
  suffers from a real prolonged _________.
• Might result in temporary ______, loss of speech,
  etc
• 2. Hypochondriasis occurs when a person in good
  health becomes preoccupied w/ ____________________
  .
• Constantly looking for signs of illness
  misinterprets signs of _______________ injuries
  as something ________________.

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• Dissociative disorders

• When a person experiences a _______________ in
  memory, identity, or consciousness.
• They are ___________.
• Dissociative amnesia is memory loss w/ no
  biological explanation. Its often caused by a
  ____________.
• Dissociative fugue is when a person suddenly
  unexpectedly ___________ from home or work is
  unable to _______________.
• Its amnesia w/ active flight into a ________
  ______________.
• They will establish a new _______________.
• May last for days or __________.
• When a person comes out of it, they cant
  _____________________ when they were in the fugue
  state.
• Dissociative identity disorder (formerly known as
  ___________________ disorder) is when a person
  exhibits 2 or more personality states, each w/
  its own patterns of _____________________.
• These people usually suffered __________ as
  children.

End Section 3
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• Schizophrenia

• A group of disorders characterized by _______
  disconnected thoughts, emotions, __________.
• Its the most complex severe _________
  _________.
• A person w/ schizophrenia __________ w/ reality
  to a large extent.
• Its not a single problem it doesnt have a
  ______ ______________ its a collection of
  symptoms.
• Many people w/ schizophrenia have delusions
  (false beliefs maintained in the face of contrary
  evidence) hallucinations (perceptions that have
  no direct ____________) such as hearing voices.
• Other symptoms include incoherence (a marked
  in _________ processes), disturbances of affect
  (emotions not _________ for the circumstances),
  deterioration in normal movement, in
  previous levels of functioning, diverted
  attention their ______________________.
• Affects 1 in ___ worldwide, but if its already
  in a persons family, their odds to 1 in
  _____.

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• Types of schizophrenia

• Classified into several subtypes
• _________ involves hallucinations delusions.
• _______ believes he/she is a savior.
• ____________ believes he/she is always being
  watched.
• _______ remains motionless for long periods.
• _____________ incoherent language, inappropriate
  emotions, generally disorganized motor behavior,
  hallucinations, _________.
• ______________ has basic symptoms such as
  deterioration of daily functioning, delusions,
  hallucinations, _______________________,
  thought disorders.
• _________ symptoms are completely gone or still
  exist but are ___________ not to justify earning
  a diagnosis of schizophrenia.
• Treatment is long-term usually requires
  ____________. Schizophrenia may go into
  remission, but symptoms often __________.
• Recovery is possible, but _____________________.

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• Causes of schizophrenia

• Usually starts b/w ________________ into the
  30s.
• What causes schizophrenia is debated, but its
  most likely an interaction of _________,
  biochemical, _______________ factors.
• Although it tends to ___________, if a twin
  develops it, his/her identical twin has a _____
  chance of developing it so it cant just be
  caused by _______.
• Some researchers believe that the basic problem
  of schizophrenia is too much or too little of
  certain __________ interfering w/ how the brain
  processes information.
• The ___________ of people w/ schizophrenia show
  signs of deterioration.
• The role of the ___________ is unclear, but
  present.
• Studies have shown a correlation to children
  developing schizophrenia w/ their mother being
  _____ prior to pregnancy, infection during the
  2nd trimester, lack of ________ to the fetus.
• People who develop schizophrenia often come from
  families of the verge of ____________.

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• Mood disorders

• Occur when emotions hamper a persons ability to
  ____________________.
• In extreme cases, a mood may cause individuals to
  lose touch w/ ________ or seriously threaten
  his/her ___________.
• Mood disorders include major depressive disorder,
  ________________, seasonal affective disorder.
• People w/ these disorders often have more
  _____________ if depressed, feel that their
  depression will go on forever there is
  ______________________ about it.
• Psychological factors contributing to mood
  disorders including ____________ (ex.
  self-esteem), amount of social support, the
  ability to deal w/ _______________. Biological
  factors include hormones, neurotransmitters,
  __________.

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• Major depressive disorder

• A severe form of ____________ in which a person
  experiences feelings of __________ diminished
  pleasure or interest in many activities.
• People w/ this disorder spend at least ____
  ______ feeling depressed, anxious, fatigued,
  agitated, experience a _____________ to
  function interact w/ others.
• To be diagnosed as depression, these feelings
  cant be attributed to ______________.
• This disorder is characterized by at least 4 of
  the following symptoms problems w/ eating,
  _______, thinking, concentrating, or decision
  making _________ thinking about ________
  feeling worthless or guilty.

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• Bipolar disorder

• Occurs when a person alternates b/w feelings of
  ____ (euphoria) depression.
• They are either excessively inappropriately
  _____________.
• During the manic phase, he/she experiences
  extreme elation, ________, distractibility,
  racing thoughts. The person often has an
  exaggerated sense of ________ engages in
  __________ behavior. He/she often needs less
  sleep engages in activity.
• This state isnt as easy to detect b/c the person
  seems to be in touch w/ reality ____________.
• During the depressive phase, he/she is overcome
  by feelings of ________, sinfulness,
  worthlessness, despair. The person is
  _________ unresponsive like someone w/ major
  ________________.

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• Seasonal affective disorder

• People w/ this disorder struggle w/ annual
  depressions during ___________________ (usually
  _______, but can be at other times).
• They tend to sleep eat __________ during their
  ________________.
• May be caused by _________ exposure to less
  light during winter causes less of the hormone
  melatonin to be released.
• Many sufferers can be treated by sitting under
  bright ________________ during the evening or
  early morning hours.

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• Suicide depression

• Not all people who commit suicide are _______
  not all people who are depressed try to _______
  __________.
• But many people who are depressed have
  _________________.
• People may commit suicide to escape from physical
  or emotional pain, ______________ for wrongs they
  think they committed, or to ______ _________.
• Every year over ________ Americans commit
  suicide.
• More women ________ suicide, but more men
  ___________.
• Suicide is most common among the ______, but is
  the 2nd most common cause of death among
  _________________.
• People who threaten suicide or make unsuccessful
  attempts __________________! 70 of people who
  commit suicide threatened to do so w/in 3 months
  before doing so an unsuccessful attempt is
  often a ___________.

End Section 4
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• Personality disorders

• Are maladaptive or inflexible ways of dealing w/
  _____ ones _____________.
• People w/ these disorders seem unable to
  establish __________________ w/ other people, to
  assume social responsibilities, or to adapt to
  their social environment. They adopt
  ____________ personality patterns (ex.
  Excessively shy or aggressive).
• People w/ a personality disorder dont usually
  suffer from excessive anxiety nor behave in a
  ________________.

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• Antisocial personality

• Is characterized by irresponsibility, shallow
  emotions, a _______________________.
• Formerly called _________________________.
• A person w/ an antisocial personality exhibits a
  persistent disregard for violation of
  __________. They also
• Treat people as __________.
• Live in the moment constantly seeking thrills.
• Dont seem to feel any ______.
• Are ____________ when caught.
• Many people w/ antisocial personalities get away
  w/ their behavior b/c theyre intelligent,
  entertaining, able to ___________ they dont
  feel. They win the affection confidence from
  people they later _____ ___________ of.
• How do they become like this?
• Some think they imitate their _________
  _________.
• Could be a lack of or __________________.
• Some think its due to a ________________
  ________.

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• Drug addiction

• Its covered in the DSM-V b/c many people hurt
  themselves physically, socially, _____________
  b/c they depend so heavily on drugs.
• Abuse of drugs involves psychological dependence
  (the use of a drug to such an extent that a
  person feels _____________ w/o it). When
  deprived of the drug, they become restless,
  ______, uneasy.
• Addiction is a pattern of drug abuse
  characterized by an overwhelming
  _______________ to obtain the drug.
• The drugged state becomes the bodys
  ____________. W/o it, the person is in extreme
  _________________.
• Tolerance is the physical adaptation to a drug so
  that a person needs ___________ to produce the
  original effect.
• Withdrawal refers to the symptoms that occur
  after a person _________________ of a drug to
  which he/she has become addicted. The symptoms
  vary by _________________ used.

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• Alcoholism

• Americas most ________________________.
• Factor in about ____ of deaths in car accidents.
• In about ___ of murders, the killer /or victim
  had been drinking.
• Many think alcohol is a ________ b/c it slows
  down our inhibitions in small amounts can make
  people feel relaxed talkative. Its really a
  ____________.
• After more drinks, a persons ______________
  physiological functions begin to shut down.
  Perceptions sensations become distorted
  __________________.
• _____________ of alcohol can lead to
  unconsciousness, _______, or even death.
• Effects of alcohol depend on a persons
  ____________, body chemistry, how much alcohol is
  __________ how quickly, his/her past
  experience w/ drinking.
• Can produce psychological ____________,
  tolerance, withdrawal.

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• There are 3 stages of _____________
• 1st The individual discovers that alcohol
  tensions makes him/her ________.
• 2nd The individual begins to drink so heavily
  that the person feels he/she __________ how much
  alcohol he/she consumes. May begin to suffer
  from __________.
• 3rd The individual drinks compulsively
  ___________ when deprived of alcohol he/she is
  now an _________.
• May develop from ________ environmental
  factors. A persons risk of becoming an
  alcoholic is _____________ if a member of his/her
  family is an alcoholic.
• The 1st step of treating alcoholism is to get
  help for the violent ____________________.
• Treatment varies from psychotherapy to ______.
  Antabuse can help - it makes the person _______
  when he/she drinks alcoholic beverages.
• There is no certain ________.

End Section 5
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Ch 17 Therapy and Change

• Psychotherapy

• Is _____________ used by therapists to help
  troubled individuals overcome their __________.
  It involves
• _____________ b/w a therapist
• clients.
• 2. The development of a supportive
• trusting _____________.
• 3. An ________ by the therapist of
• the clients problems including
• _____________ for overcoming
• those problems.

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• Beliefs about mental illness

• Centuries ago, people often thought that
  psychological disturbances represented a moral or
  ______________. People w/ these problems were
  believed to be possessed by demons treatment
  was an ___________.
• W/in the last couple of centuries, views have
  changed societies began viewing these people as
  having a ____________. This was good b/c they
  were then seen as needing care ___________.
• However, the term ___________ can create the
  problem of having the person view their problem
  as being outside his/her _______. He/she may
  refuse to ________________ for the situation
  working towards change.

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• The nature of psychotherapy

• The purpose of psychotherapy is to help people
  realize that they ______________ for their own
  problems that they are the only ones who can
  really _________________.
• The therapist is there to ______.
• There are many different types of therapy based
  on different theories w/ different approaches.
  Well discuss the following _______________,
  humanistic, cognitive, behavioral, __________.
• While some psychologists/psychiatrists stick w/
  __________, others use an eclectic approach
  (choosing methods from _____________ kinds of
  therapy using the one that works best).
• The primary goal of therapy is to strengthen the
  patients ________________ his/her life.
• Its important that the patient believes that
  he/she ________. The influence of a patients
  hopes expectations on his/her ___________ is
  called the placebo effect.

53

• Therapists

• There are different types of therapists (p.489),
  some are
• ________ may/may not have training in psych, but
  troubled people turn to them more than any other
  types of therapists.
• Various groups of ______________.
• _____________ are licensed medical doctors who
  specialize in abnormal behavior. They can
  ______________ perform surgery.
• There are 3 characteristics of effective
  therapists. He/she must
• Be ______________________.
• Have plenty of empathy (a capacity for warmth
  _____________).
• Be experienced in dealing w/ people
  understanding their _____________.

54

• Group therapy

• Therapy in which patients work together w/ the
  aid of a leader to resolve _____________________.
• Advantages of group therapy
• The chance to see how other people are struggling
  w/ _______________.
• Get hope from seeing people ___________
  __________ a similar problem.
• See how other people view them so they can
  overcome the ___________ they have of themselves.
• One therapist can help a large of people which
  the _______ of therapy.
• In _____________, the family all attends therapy
  together the therapist focuses on how they
  ________ w/ each other. The therapist can then
  suggest ways of improving ___________________
  w/in the family.
• In ______________, people who share a particular
  problem voluntarily get together, often w/o the
  active involvement of a _____________________.

End Section 1
55

• Psychoanalysis

• Therapy aimed at making patients aware of their
  _______________ so that they can gain control
  over their behavior.
• It leads to the apparent sudden realization of a
  ________ to their problem (known as insight).
• Based on the theories of ________________.
• Its a ______ procedure.
• Often begins w/ the therapist telling the patient
  to talk about ______________________ (free
  association). The therapist often says nothing
  for long periods of time only occasionally
  making remarks or asking ?s to _______________.
  The therapist may suggest unconscious motives to
  explain what the patient is talking about, but
  most of the work is ______________________.
• Often the patient experiences resistance (the
  reluctance of a patient either to reveal painful
  feelings or to examine ____________________
  patterns).
• The therapist must help him/her work around this
  by pointing out what is happening or trying
  _________________.

56

• Another technique is dream analysis (__________
  the content of patients dreams).
• Again, they are looking for ____________ thoughts
  feelings causing them.
• The manifest content of the dream refers to what
  a person __________ about the dream.
• The latent content of the dream refers to the
  ___________________ represented symbolically in
  the dream.
• Sometimes the patient experiences transference (a
  process in which the patient begins to have
  ______ ________________ similar to the feelings
  he/she has toward some other _____________ in
  his/her life usually a _________).
• The therapist must remain ___________.
• Psychoanalysis requires an average of __________
  years of therapy.
• Not beneficial for people who lose touch w/
  reality like people w/ ______________.

57

• Humanistic therapy

• Focuses on the value, dignity, worth of each
  person, holds that healthy living is the result
  of realizing _______________________.
• Uses client-centered therapy which is the belief
  that the client therapist are __________ in
  therapy.
• Uses the words ____ instead of _____ to
  reflect the equal relationship of the person
  the therapist.
• Based on the theories of ______________.
• Client-centered therapists assume that people are
  ___________ capable of handling their own
  lives. Problems occur when the true self is lost
  they begin to view themselves according to the
  _____________________.
• An important goal is to help the person recognize
  his/her own ________ confidence, so as to start
  living by his/her _________________.

58

• It often begins w/ the client being encouraged to
  ____________ about any troubling matters. This
  free flow of images ideas, w/ no particular
  direction is known as nondirective therapy.
• The therapist doesnt direct the ___________
  tries to avoid giving any __________.
• The therapist will restate clarify the ______
  the client has expressed (known as active
  listening).
• There must be an atmosphere of unconditional
  positive regard (the therapists consistent
  expression of ______________________, no matter
  what the client says does).
• They try to set ____________ consider the
  __________________ to reach them.

End Section 2
59

• Cognitive therapies

• Focus on using ________ to control emotions
  behaviors.
• Both cognitive behavior therapies use behavior
  modification (the systematic method of changing
  the way a __________________).
• Cognitive therapies assume that ___________
  irrational or uninformed beliefs, expectations,
  ways of thinking ________ our behaviors,
  attitudes, emotions.
• So the patients have to change the way they
  _______.
• Common techniques in cognitive therapies include
  disconfirmation (confronting patients w/ evidence
  that _________________ their existing beliefs),
  reconceptualization (having the patient work
  toward an ______________ ______ to explain their
  experiences or current observations), ________
  (working toward understanding deriving new or
  revised beliefs).

60

• Cognitive therapies Rational-emotive therapy
  (RET)

• A form of psychological help aimed at changing
  unrealistic assumptions about ________ other
  people.
• Developed by Albert Ellis. He believed that
  people behave in deliberate rational ways,
  given their ___________ about life.
• Emotional problems occur when a persons
  assumptions are _______________
• The goal of RET is to correct the false ______
  __________________ of the patients.
• Techniques include role-playing, ______, humor,
  _______________
• Ellis believed behaviors are a result of the
  ABCs.
• A___________________
• B___________________
• C___________________
• Taught that B (______!) causes C.
• Therapist patient work together to ___________.
• Patient must learn ___________.

61

• Cognitive therapies Becks cognitive therapy

• Aaron T. Beck came up w/ a therapy similar to
  RET. The difference is that his therapy stresses
  the focus on the _______________________.
• Therapists use persuasion logic to change the
  patients ____________.
• Very successful w/ people suffering ____________.
• Again, the goal is to change the way
  ________________.

62

• Behavior therapies

• Focus on changing ___________________ through
  conditioning techniques.
• Doesnt try to spend a large amount of time going
  over the patients ______________. Instead the
  therapist concentrates on determining what is
  _________________ the patient taking steps to
  modify the behavior.
• The idea is that the patient has learned to
  behave in an undesirable way that the behavior
  _________________.
• The ____________ for the behavior arent
  important.
• Once the behaviors change, the ________
  ____________ will change as well.

63

• Behavior therapies Counterconditioning

• Involves pairing the stimulus that triggers an
  unwanted behavior w/ a new, more _________
  _________.
• 3 step process
• 1. The person builds an _______________ w/ the
  least feared situations on the bottom most
  feared on the top.
• 2. The person learns ________________
  _____________.
• 3. The person imagines or experiences each step
  in the hierarchy, working from ________________.
• Systematic desensitization is a technique which
  is used to overcome irrational fears anxieties.
  The patient is encouraged to imagine the feared
  situation while using ______________
  ____________.
• Aversive conditioning links an unpleasant state
  w/ an unwanted behavior in an attempt to
  _______________________.
• Other techniques used are modeling flooding
  (when the therapist exposes the patient to the
  ________________________________).

64

• Behavior therapies Operant conditioning

• Based on the assumption that behavior that is
  reinforced _________________.
• In contingency management, the therapist
  patient decide what old, undesirable behavior
  ________________ what new, desirable behavior
  needs to appear.
• Used in _______, mental hospitals, ______, army
  bases, w/ individual patients.
• They set up token economies (a system in which
  desirable behavior is reinforced w/
  ______________ or points, which can be
  accumulated exchanged for various ________).
• Useful in inducing patients to begin leading
  _________.

65

• Cognitive-behavior therapy

• Is based on a combination of _______________
  thoughts for negative thoughts/beliefs changing
  disruptive behaviors in favor of _____________.
• Helps patients differentiate b/w serious, real
  problems ____________________ problems.
• Many ______________ use this approach.
• Proven ________ for treating a wide range of
  problems.

End Section 3
66

• Biological therapy

• Assumes that there is an underlying
  _______________ for a persons disturbed
  behavior, faulty thinking, inappropriate
  __________.
• Uses methods like ________, electric shock,
  surgery to help people w/ ____________
  __________.
• B/c these treatments are medical in nature,
  physicians or _____________ usually administer
  them.
• __________ may help decide if when a biological
  approach is necessary for a particular patient.
• Some experts believe that biological therapies
  should be reserved for people who fail to respond
  to _____________. Others believe that a
  combination of psychotherapy biological therapy
  _____ for many patients.

67

• Biological therapy drug therapy

• A biological therapy that uses _____________.
• Its the most _____________ biological therapy.
• Involves 4 main types of psychoactive
  medications antipsychotic drugs, antidepressant
  drugs, lithium, antianxiety drugs.
• Can only be obtained w/ a _____________.
• When patients stop taking the drugs, their
  symptoms ____________________.
• These drugs often only _______________ they
  dont remove the ____ of the disorder.
• Antipsychotic drugs are medications used to
  agitation, delusions, hallucinations by
  blocking the activity of _________ in the brain.
  Theyre tranquilizers.
• Used on people w/ _______________.
• Antidepressant drugs are medications that treat
  major depression by the amount of one or
  both of the ______________ noradrenaline
  serotonin.

68

• Lithium carbonate is a chemical used to
  counteract the mood swings of ________
  __________.
• Antianxiety drugs are medications that relieve
  anxiety ______________ by depressing the
  activity of the ________ __________________.
• Also known as sedatives or mild ___________ which
  excitability cause drowsiness.
• Can be helpful for helping normal people cope w/
  _____________ in their lives.
• Can also be helpful for _________ withdrawal.

69

• Biological therapy electroconvulsive therapy
  (ECT)

• Biological therapy that involves administering
  _______________ to the brain to try to the
  symptoms of mental disturbance.
  ______________.
• Has proven extremely __________ for treating
  severe _________, acute mania, some types of
  schizophrenia.
• Involves administering ______________ of about
  70-150 volts for 0.1-1.0 sec over the course of
  several weeks.
• It induces a _________________ similar to an
  epileptic seizure that may last up to a minute.
• Its considered very _____________.
• Used too much in the past w/ _____________.
  Today it involves very little pain as patients
  are given medication prior.
• Many may suffer minor _____________.

70

• Biological therapy psychosurgery

• A medical operation that _______________ _______
  to make the patient calmer freer of symptoms.
• The most common operation is a prefrontal
  lobotomy, which involves destruction of the
  ____________ of the brain, just behind the
  forehead.
• This part of the brain contains the most nerve
  connections that control _________.
• This surgery used to be ______, but when new
  drugs were developed. Additionally, lobotomized
  patients showed an _______________ often became
  apathetic ______________.
• Effects of a lobotomy are _________ b/c destroyed
  brain tissue never regenerates.

End Section 4