Mapping the Earth

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Mapping the Earth
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Why Study Maps?

• Why do we need maps?
• What types of maps are there?
• How have maps changed?

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Cartography

• The art of map making.
• Maps contain symbols, descriptions, legends or
  keys, scales, and compass direction.
• North always points to the top of the map.

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Scales

• A scale indicates the relationship between the
  distance on the map to the actual distance.
• A scale can be represented as graphical,
  fractional, or verbal.

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Lines of Latitude

• Lines of latitude describe positions north or
  south of the equator.
• Lines of latitude are also sometimes called
  parallels because they never intersect with each
  other.

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Latitude

• Equator 0 latitude
• Latitudes north of the equator are labeled N
• Latitudes south of the equator are labeled S
• Poles are 90N or S, which is the highest
  possible latitude line.

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Lines of Longitude

• Lines of longitude describe positions east or
  west of the prime meridian.
• Lines of longitude are sometimes called
  meridians.
• Longitude or Meridians are semicircles that run
  from the north pole to south pole.

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Longitude

• Prime meridian 0 longitude
• Degrees longitude always begin from the prime
  meridian.
• Longitudes east of the prime meridian are labeled
  E.
• Longitudes west of the prime meridian are labeled
  W.
• Longitude lines run east and west until they
  reach 180 known as the International Date Line.

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Finding Direction

• Using latitude and longitude lines we can
  determine locations.
• Similar to plotting points on a graph.
• Use units in degrees, minutes, and seconds.
• Use compass directions north, south, east, and
  west.

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Using Units

• The smaller the unit the more specific the
  location becomes, similar to telling time on a
  clock.
• Degrees, minutes, seconds (like Hours, minutes,
  seconds)

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Units

• 60 min. in 1 deg. (like 60 min. in 1 hr.)
• 60 sec. in 1 min.

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Map Projections

• Flat representation of the Earths curved
  surface.
• Because the Earth is curved all maps result in
  distortion in some manner size, shape, or
  direction.

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Map Projections

• Larger the area being shown the greater the
  distortion.
• Most accurate part of the mapwhere the paper
  meets the globe.
• Farther the paper is from the globemore
  distortion

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Type of Map Projections

• Cylindrical
• Wrap a cylinder of paper around a globe.
• Meridians appear as straight lines and have equal
  space between them.
• Like a perfect grid pattern.
• Accurate near the equator and distorted at the
  edges.
• Advantages Locate positions easier and shapes
  of small areas are well preserved.

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Types of Map Projections

• Conic
• Form a cone with a piece of paper and place it on
  a globe.
• Cone touches one parallel.
• Polyconic
• Many conic maps used to increase accuracy with
  each cone touching a different latitude.
• Advantage Relative size and shape of small
  areas on the map are nearly the same as those on
  the globe.

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Types of Map Projections

• Azimuthal
• Place a flat sheet of paper on a globe.
• The paper only touches one point on the globe.
• Advantages navigate air travel
• Great circles appear as straight lines,
  therefore, by drawing a straight line between two
  points navigators can find a great circle route
  shortening the distance.

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Think Pair Share
1. Questions that have been raised in my mind are... 2. A new understanding I have is
3. How do we create map projections? 4. What do you find difficult about map projections?
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Topographic Maps

• Topo maps show the surface features of the earth,
  both natural and constructed features.
• Topo maps also show elevations
• Sea Level 0 ft.
• The elevation is depicted by contour lines.
• Contour lines never intersect and always close on
  themselves.

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Topographic Maps

• The contour line interval is the distance from
  one contour to another. The interval is provided
  in the maps legend.
• Relief is the difference in elevation between the
  highest and lowest point.
• Bench marks can often times help in determining
  specific points on the map.

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Landforms

• Contour lines that form a V indicates a valley,
  the V points upstream.
• The closer the contour lines are to each other
  the steeper the landform will be.
• Depression contours are closed loop contours that
  have short perpendicular lines inside the loop
  that point toward the depression.

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Geologic and Soil Maps

• Geologic maps indicate the rock type, age, folds,
  and faults.
• Soil maps classify and describe soils located in
  a given area.

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