Earth Science

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Earth Science

• Chapter One Mapping Earths Surface

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Section One Exploring Earths Surface

• Topography is the shape of the land. An areas
  topography may be mountainous, flat, sloping, or
  hilly. Topography is determined by elevation,
  relief, and landform.
• Landforms this is the shape of Earths surface.
  All landforms have elevation and relief.

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Landforms

• There are three main types of landforms
• Plains a landform made up of flat or gently
  rolling land with low relief. A plain that lies
  along a seacoast is called a coastal plain, with
  low elevation and a plain away from the coast
  is called an interior plain with both high or low
  elevations.
• Mountains is a landform with high elevation and
  high relief. Mountains usually occur in a group
  called mountain ranges.
• Plateau a landform that has high elevation and
  a more or less level surface. Streams and rivers
  usually cut into the plateaus surface this is
  why the surface is not smooth.

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Plains, Mountains, and Plateaus
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Landforms
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Rocky Mountains
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Canyons

• The Grand Canyon

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Sand Dunes
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Volcanoes
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Examples of Landforms

• http//www.enchantedlearning.com/geography/landfor
  ms/glossary.shtml

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Relief Map of New Jersey
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Four Spheres

• Scientists divide Earth into four spheres
• Lithosphere LithoLand Earths solid, rocky
  outer layer. The lithosphere is made of the
  continents as well as smaller landmasses called
  island. The lithosphere included the entire
  ocean floor.
• Atmosphere the outermost sphere, which includes
  a mixture of gases that surrounds the planet.
• Hydrosphere Hydrowater this includes Earths
  lakes, rivers, oceans, and ice.
• Biosphere Bioliving All living things in the
  air, oceans, or on and beneath land.

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Animation of Spheres

• http//www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/
  content/visualizations/es0102/es0102page01.cfm?cha
  pter_no01

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Earths Three Layers

• Earth is made up of three layers.
• The core is the center of the Earth. There is
  the inner core and the outer core.
• The mantle is the thick layer that surrounds the
  core.
• The Crust is the thin, outer layer made of rock.

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Diagram of the Earths Layers
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Section Two Mapping Earths Surface

• A map is a model on a flat surface of all or part
  of Earths surface seen from above.
• A globe is a sphere that represents Earths
  entire surface.
• Symbols are used on a map with an explanation of
  their meaning symbols represent topography and
  other features on Earths surface. The map key
  lists all the symbols used on the map.

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Map
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Globe
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Using a Map or Globe

• Maps and globes show a grid based on two
  imaginary lines. Half way between the North and
  South poles is the equator. The equator divides
  Earth into the Northern Hemisphere and the
  Southern Hemisphere.
• The second imaginary line is the prime meridian
  this line makes a half circle from the North Pole
  to the South Pole dividing the Earths surface
  into the Western Hemisphere and the Eastern
  Hemisphere.
• We live in the North-Eastern Hemisphere.

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Equator
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Prime Meridian
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Latitude/Longitude

• The equator is the starting point for measuring
  latitude the distance in degrees north and
  south of the equator.
• The distance in degrees east or west of the prime
  meridian is called longitude.

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Map with longitude/latitude

• Latitude Longitude

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Longitude/Latitude
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Section Three Maps in the Computer Age

• Satellites are designed to observe Earths
  surface. Satellites use electronic devices to
  collect information about the land surface in the
  form of computer data Satellite images are
  pictures of the surface based on these data.
• A Satellite image is made up of thousands of
  tiny dots called pixels.

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Satellites

• Image taken by a satellite in space

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This image consists of 196 separate photographs
taken with a 6 megapixel digital camera, and then
stitched together into one seamless composite.
The final image is 40,784 x 26,800 pixels in
size, and contains about 1.09 billion pixels
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Section Four Topographic Maps

• A topographic map is a map showing the surface
  features of an area.
• To represent elevation, relief, and slope on
  topographic maps, mapmakers use contour lines.
• Closely spaced lines indicate a steep slope.
• Widely spaced lines indicate gentle slopes.
• A contour line that forms a closed loop with not
  other contour lines inside it indicates a hill.
• A closed loop with dashes inside indicates a
  depression.
• V-shaped contour lines pointing uphill indicate a
  valley.

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Topographic Map
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Examples of Contour Lines