The Skeletal System

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Skeletal System
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Function of the Skeletal System

• Support- framework that supports body and
  cradles its soft organs
• Protection- for delicate organs, heart, lungs,
  brain
• Movement- bones act as levers for muscles
• Mineral storage- calcium phosphate
• Blood cell formation- hematopoiesis

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Types of Bones

• Long Bones- metacarples, metatarsals, phelangies,
  humerus, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula
• Short Bones- carpals, tarsals
• Flat Bones- rib, scapula, skull, sternum
• Irregular Bones- vertebrae, some facial bones
• Sesamoid- patella

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Bone Classification
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Anatomy of a Long Bone
spongy bone
Proximal epiphysis
compact bone
Endosteum
diaphysis
epiphyseal line
yellow marrow
Sharpeys fibers
Distal epiphysis
periosteum
hyaline cartilage
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Axial Skeleton
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Appendicular Skeleton
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Axial Skeleton
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Axial Skeleton
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Axial Skeleton
Posterior View
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Sinal Cavities
Frontal Sinus
Ethmoid Sinus
Sphenoid Sinus
Maxillary Sinus

• Warm and moisten air
• Lighten the skull
• Enhance voice resonance

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Axial Skeleton
The Vertebral Column
Cervical Vertebrae (7) Thoracic Vertebrae
(12) Lumbar Vertberae (5) Sacrum Coccyx
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Cervical Vertebrae
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Axial Skeleton
The Thoracic Cage
Sternum True Ribs (7) False Ribs (3) Floating
Ribs (2)
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Axial Skeleton
Sacrum Coccyx
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Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of the Pectoral Girdle
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Appendicular Skeleton
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
8 Carpals
5 Metacarpals
14 Phalanges
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Humorus
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Ulna Radius
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Hand Bones
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Appendicular Skeleton
Pelvis
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Appendicular Skeleton
Pelvis (lateral view)
Ilium
Acetabulum
Obturator foramen
Pubis
Ischium
Ischium
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Male vs Female Pelvis
                                         
       Female Pelvic Girdle
Male Pelvic Girdle
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Appendicular Skeleton
The Lower Limb (Legs)

Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
7 Tarsals
5 Metatarsals
14 Phalanges
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Femur
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Patella
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Tibia Fibula
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Foot
phelangies
metatarsals
tarsals
tarsals
metatarsals
phelangies
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Fetal Skull
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Immovable Joints (synarthrosis)
Fibrous Joints
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Slightly Movable Joint (ampharthrosis)
Cartilagenous Joints
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Synovial Joints
(diarthrosis)- freely moveable
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Synovial Joints
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Knee Joint
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Synovial Joint Movement
Extension
Rotation
Flexion
Adduction
Abduction
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275 bones12 weeks (6-9 inches long)
Fetal Skeleton
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Endochondral Ossification
Fetus 1st 2 months
2o ossification center
bone
cartilage
calcified cartilage
Just before birth
epiphyseal line
epiphyseal plate
Adult
Childhood
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Bone cells that aid in remodeling
Builds new bone
Osteoblast
Mature bone cell
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Eats bone
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Bone Repair

• Electrical stimulation of the fracture site
• Increases speed and completeness of healing
• The e- stimulation inhibits PTH and slow
  osteoclasts down from reabsorbing bone
• 2. Ultrasound treatment
• Daily treatments reduce healing time of broken
  bones by 25-35
• 3. Free vascular fibular graft technique
• Transplant fibula in arm
• Gives good blood supply not available in other
  treatments
• 4. Bone substitutes
• Crushed bone from cadaver- but risk of HIV and
  hepatitis
• Sea bone- coral
• Artificial bone- ceramic

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Repair of Fractures
hematoma
callus
bony callus
bone remodeling
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Diseases of the Skeletal System

• Osteoporosis- bone reabsorption outpaces bone
  deposit bones become lighter and fracture easier
• Factors
• age, gender (more in women)
• estrogen and testosterone decrease
• insufficient exercise (or too much)
• diet poor in Ca and protein
• abnormal vitamin D receptors
• smoking

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Osteoporosis
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Diseases of the Skeletal System
Rickets- vitamin D deficiency Osteomalacia- soft
bones, inadequate mineralization in bones, lack
of vitamin D Pagets Disease- spotty weakening in
the bones, excessive and abnormal bone
remodeling Rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune
reaction
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