Digestive System

1
Digestive System
is a coiled, muscular tube stretching from the
mouth to the anus. Several specialized
compartments occur along this length mouth,
pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine,
large intestine, and anus. The accessory organs
are associated with digestive system liver,
spleen and pancreas.
2
Diagnosis of Abnormalities

• Abdominal palpation.
• Oral examination.
• Rectal palpation.
• Percussion and auscultation.
• Radiography and endoscopy.
• Sampling and analysis of saliva, stomach content,
  feces, abdominal fluid also hematological
  examination.

3
Affection of oral cavity

• General clinical signs of oral diseases
  ptyalism, reluctance to eat, weight loss,
  dysphagia and oral hemorrhage.
• Treatment by Dilute povidone iodine solution or
  2 chlorhexidine irrigation can be used.

4
Affection of oral cavity

1. Abscesses of the oral cavity associated with
   actinobacillosis or actinomycosis infection,
   appropriate medical therapy can be undertaken
   after bacteriological examination to confirm
   diagnosis.

5
Affection of oral cavity

1. Traumatic lesion The mouth may be wounded by the
   penetration of sharp or pointed bodies entering
   through the cheeks or sharp teeth lacerating the
   cheeks and lips or by fragment of bone in
   fracture of the jaw also may be foreign bodies
   taken in food such as nails, needles, pins.

6
Affection of oral cavity

• Clinical signs
• Salivation and drooling.
• The animal will try to eat but will not be able.
• If the foreign body has been present for some
  time, the animal will be very thin.
• Treatment
• removal of foreign body by manually or surgical
  operation depends on the type of foreign body.

7
Affection of oral cavity

• Neoplasm A tumor of the floor of the mouth may
  involve the under surface of the tongue, the
  lower jaw bone, and other tissues of the area. A
  small lesion detected early can be controlled in
  most cases by excision of the growth and
  radiation therapy.
• Treatment
• Excised by wire snare (Pedunculated).
• Surgical resection.
• Cryotherapy.

8
Lips disorders

• Hare lip This is a cleft in the upper lip which
  often runs into the nostril, may be unilateral or
  bilateral and is often associated with cleft
  palate. Cleft of the lower lip is rare and
  usually occurs on the midline.
• Treatment
• The edges of the cleft are excised and the
  incision sutured.

9
Lips disorders

1. Trauma Wounding of the lips is fairly frequent
   after car accident, contact with sharp protruding
   objects, and attack by dogs. Because of the
   excellent blood supply, healing is usually rapid.
   In sever laceration or loss of substance, plastic
   surgery is called for to preserve the function of
   the lips.
2. Avulsion of the lower lip from the gingival
   margin in sever laceration, reconstructive
   surgery is indicated this can be problematical
   because of the high muscular content and movement
   in the lips and tongue.

10
Lips disorders

• Retraction of the lips Sometimes as the results
  of injury and consequent development of much
  fibrous tissue between the lip and the gum,
  cicatricle contraction retracts the lip and
  prevents. This may be remedied by making an
  incision between the gum and the lip.
• Tumor papilloma or warts are common on the lips
  of the horse and are less frequently seen on
  those of cattle. They cause salivation and
  usually a bad smell from the mouth.
• Treatment Excision.

11
Cheek disorders

• Tumor occasionally occur and may present special
  management problems because of oral fistulation
  associated with the lesion itself as a result of
  therapy.
• Treatment cryosurgery.
• Wound penetrating wound of cheeks or loss of
  substance from the edge of the lips.
• Treatment repair under general anesthesia, the
  wound edge is excised and a horizontal incision
  was made above and below the hole. The hole is
  closed with deep interrupted silk sutures. The
  horizontal incisions are sutured.

12
Affections of Hard palate

• Cleft hard palate Cleft in roof of the mouth may
  be congenital abnormalities, but the hereditary
  basis of the anomaly is less well defined.
• Clinical signs Dysphasia with reflex of milk or
  food material through the nostril. Direct visual
  or by endoscope. Aspiration pneumonia.
• Treatment Mandibular symphysiotomy. Oral
  approach. Pharyngotomy (limited exposure).

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Affections of Hard palate

• Mucoperiosteal technique
• Small caudal defects of hard palate can be
  repaired using a mucoperiosteal sliding flap
  technique.
• Large cleft of the hard palate may be best
  repaired by the mucoperiosteal reflected flap
  technique.

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Affections of Hard palate

• Mandibular symphysiotomy
• In case mandibular symphysiotomy closure of oral
  mucosa prior to fixation of mandibular
  symphysiotomy.
• The mandibular symphysis has been closed using
  wire and Steinmann pins.
• The lip replaced and all muscle layer closed,
  finally closure the skin.

15
Affection of Soft palate

• Pharyngotomy
• The repair of a cleft soft palate involves
  excision of the mucosal edge surrounding the
  cleft following by a two or three layer closure.
  Possible complication of mandibular symphysiotomy
  includes infection.

16
Salivary glands

• Parotid Salivary gland.
• Mandibular Salivary gland.
• Sublingual Salivary gland.
• Zygomatic Salivary gland.

17
Affection of Salivary glands

• Nonsurgical salivary gland diseases
• Sialadenosis- is a non-inflammatory swelling of
  the salivary gland most commonly affecting the
  mandibular gland. The cause is unknown. Clinical
  signs in dog include gulping, lip smacking,
  hyper-salivation, weight loss and enlarged the
  affected glands but are usually non-painful.
• Treatment with 1-2 mg/kg of phenobarbital twice
  a day.

18
Affection of Salivary glands

• Sialadenitis and Necrotizing Sialometaplasia-
• Salivary gland can develop inflammation that
  occasionally progresses to glandular necrosis and
  ductal metaplasia. They have clinical signs very
  similar to sialadenosis, with the addition of
  pain upon palpation of the affected glands with
  vomiting.
• Treatment should be focused on addressing any
  esophageal disease present as well as a trial of
  phenobarbital.

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Affection of Salivary glands

• Surgical salivary gland diseases
• Sialocele-
• The salivary mucocele are collections of saliva
  within subcutaneous tissue. Resultant saliva
  filled cavities are lined by inflammatory
  connective tissue and are not true cysts. The
  most common source of saliva is leakage from the
  sublingual salivary gland or duct. Treated by
  removal of the sialocele and associated glandular
  tissue and the saliva distended duct.

20
Affection of Salivary glands

• Sialoliths-
• Are most often associated with the parotid duct
  have also been occurred in the mandibular-sublingu
  al duct complex. Stone compositions may include
  calcium, oxalate, phosphate, magnesium,
  carbonate, ammonium, or non-mineral proteinaceous
  material. The affected duct gland complex can be
  surgically removed along with the sialolith.

21
Affection of Salivary glands

• Salivary gland neoplasia-
• Primary salivary gland neoplasia of the glands is
  uncommon in dogs and cats, most tumors are of
  epithelial origin. Tumor invasion into local
  tissues and spread to regional lymph nodes
  occasionally occur. If lesions confined to the
  salivary gland itself may be amenable to surgical
  treatment.