CHAPTER 2 CHEMISTRY

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CHAPTER 2CHEMISTRY
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Chemistry (Chapter 2)
is about the different types of macromolecules
(big molecules) in all living things.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

• Provide energy or structure
• Made of C, H, O
• Examples are sugars such as glucose, sucrose and
  more complex starch, cellulose, and glycogen
• Building blocks are called sugar or glucose

• Provide energy and protection
• Made of C, H, O
• Examples are phospholipids steroids
• Building blocks are fatty acids glycerol

• Diverse shapes provide regulation, defense,
  movement
• Made of C, H, O, N, and usually S
• Examples are enzymes, insulin, antibodies,
  hemoglobin
• Building blocks called amino acids

• Used as genetic code
• Made of C, H, O, N, P
• Examples are DNA RNA
• Building blocks called nucleotides

So what? These molecules make up our bodies and
all living things. We eat to get what we need to
make our own molecules maintain homeostasis.
The different shapes/forms make them function
uniquely.
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Chemistry vocabulary

• Element Substance that cant be broken down
  into simpler substances.
• Carbon - the element of life must have 4 bonds.
• Monomers small subunits (building blocks) of
  large molecules
• Polymer- made of many molecules.
• Monosaccharide single sugar, example glucose.
• Polysaccharide large molecule formed from many
  sugars, example starch, cellulose, or glycogen.
• Disaccharide molecule made from 2 sugars,
  example sucrose (table sugar is made from glucose
  and fructose).

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Carbohydrates are made of sugar and used for
energy or structure.
Cellulose
Glycogen
Simple sugars
Starch

• Made of 1,000s of glucose molecules in straight
  rows that make it indigestible by most mammals
• Used as structure as it is found as the cell wall
  of plants

• Made of 1,000s of glucose molecules in branches
• Used by mammals as energy storage in muscles and
  liver

• Glucose is used for energy or as building blocks
  for the complex carbohydrates
• Ribose is used as a building block for
  nucleotides in DNA or RNA

• Made of gt1,000 glucose molecules
• Found in plants as energy storage

So what? All of these carbs are made from glucose
or some combination of sugars to provide quick
energy, energy storage, or structure in the case
of cellulose. All stuff we need to live.
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Enzymes are proteins that speed up reactions by
lowering the activation energy (energy needed to
get the reaction going).
Characteristics of enzymes Affected by pH and
temperature Re-useable Specific 3D shape based on
amino acid folding Due to shape, specific to
substrate