HUMAN BODY

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• HUMAN BODY
• SYSTEMS

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Objectives

• Understand the role for each of the body systems
• Identify the organs/parts of each body system
• Understand how the body systems work together to
  maintain homeostasis
• Explain how each system helps cells get food and
  oxygen and remove waste

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• Why are my body systems like a set of dominos?

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• THE HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS ALL RELY ON ONE ANOTHER.
  WHEN ONE SYSTEM IS DOWN IT AFFECTS OTHER SYSTEMS,
  LIKE DOMINOES TOPPLING!

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Skeletal System

• 5 major functions
• Gives shape and support to body
• Protects internal organs
• Major muscles attach to the bone to help it move
• Blood cells are formed in the center of many
  bones in soft tissue called red marrow
• Stores calcium and phosphorous compounds which
  makes the bones hard (Got Milk)

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• Parts of the bone
• Periosteum tough tight fitting membrane that
  covers the surface of the bone.
• Compact bone gives the body strength, stores
  calcium and phosphate.
• Spongy bone located at the ends of bones, has
  small open spaces that help make bones
  lightweight and contains marrow.
• Cartilage smooth, thick, flexible layer of
  tissue that covers the ends of bones and acts as
  a shock absorber

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• JOINTS
• Where two or more bones come together
• Ligaments hold bones together
• Immovable joints
• Allows little or no movement
• Skull (cranium) and pelvis (ilium)
• Movable joints
• Allows the body to make wide range of movements
• Pivot joint- neck/skull (rotates)
• Ball and socket- shoulder and hip
• Hinge joint- elbow (back and forth) and knee
• Gliding joint- slides over bones and back and
  forth movement, fingers, wrists, ankles and
  vertebrae
• joint problems arthritis

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cranium
clavicle
mandible
scapula
sternum
s
ribs
humerus
vertebrae
radius (thumb side)
ilium
Ulna (little pinky side)
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges
coccyx
femur
patella
tibula
fibula
tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges
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• MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• Function movement
• Tendons- hold muscle to bone
• Two types of muscles
• - voluntary- muscles you can control,
  examples skeletal muscles like biceps
• - involuntary- muscles you cannot
  control, examples heart, blood
  vessels, stomach muscles
• Three types of muscle tissue
• Cardiac muscle- found in heart
• Smooth muscle- found in stomach and blood vessels
• Skeletal muscle- found in muscles that move bones

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ANABOLIC STERIODS

• Are synthetic compounds that cause muscle tissue
  to develop at an abnormally high rate
• Side Effects
• development of acne
• weakening of tendons possibly leading to joint or
  tendon injury
• damage to the cardiovascular system, affecting
  heart rate, blood pressure and increasing the
  risk of heart attack
• bones can become more brittle
• harms sexual characteristics- growth of facial
  hair in females and breast development in males
• mental and emotional effects such as
  irritability, anxiety, suspicion or sudden rage
• liver and brain cancer

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extensors
masseter
flexors
trapezius
sternomastoid
deltoid
Pectoralis major
tricep
Oblique transversus
bicep
Latissimus dorsi
Gluteus maximus
Abdominus rectus
gastrocnemius
Quadriceps femoris
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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

• -Functions- protects, sensory response, formation
  of vitamin D, regulation of body temperature and
  ridding the body of wastes.
• -Skin- the largest organ in the body.
• -Skin is made up of three layers of tissue
• a. Epidermis- is the outer, thinnest layer of
• your skin where new skin cells are
  produced.
• Melanin is a chemical produced in the
• epidermis that protects your skin and
  gives it
• color.
• b. Dermis- is the layer of cells directly below
  the
• epidermis and contains many blood vessels,
• nerves, muscles, oil and sweat glands.
• c. Fatty layer- insulates the body.

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• Digestive system
• 1. Function to break down food into forms the
  cells can use for energy
• 2. The parts of the digestive system where food
  actually enters Mouth to esophagus to stomach
  to small intestine to Large intestine to anus
• 3. The parts of the digestive system where food
  does not enter Liver, gall bladder and pancreas
  (release enzymes to help food break down)
• 4. Two types of digestion
• Mechanical digestion-food gets chewed in mouth,
  stomach muscles break food apart.
• Chemical digestion- salvia in mouth breaks food,
  gastric juice in stomach bile from gall bladder
  breaks food with use of chemicals, enzymes

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Salivary glands
Mouth
esophagus
Liver
stomach
gallbladder
pancreas

duodenum
large intestine
small intestine
anus
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NUTRITION FOR THE BODY

• Nutrients body uses
• Proteins are broken down into amino acids (used
  for growth and repair) eggs, beans, nuts, and
  meat
• carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars
  like glucose (used for energy) breads, rice,
  fruits, starchy vegetables
• fats are broken down into fatty acids and
  glycerol (store energy and cushion organs)
  butters, oils, fat in animals
• vitamins are used to regulate the body functions
  (vitamin D helps bones to absorb calcium, and
  vitamin K helps blood to clot
• minerals are used to regulate the body functions
• water is in its simplest form and makes up about
  70 of our body
• Fast Food Restaurants have nutritional
  information available.
• Health Resources American Heart Association,
  American Cancer Society, National Dairy Council,
  Local Cooperative Extension, National Institutes
  of Health and American Dietetic Association

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• Function is to carry oxygen, food and
  nutrients to all the body
  parts, carry
• wastes away, fight infections and help
• heal wounds.
• Arteries carry blood away from the heart
  capillaries connect arteries and veins together
  and allow nutrients and oxygen to diffuse into
  cells veins carry blood back to the heart to
  pick up oxygen and nutrients.
• There are four chambers upper chambers are
  atriums (right and left atrium) lower chambers
  ventricles (right and left ventricle)
• Three types of circulation
• Coronary Circulation-flow of blood to and from
  the heart
• Pulmonary Circulation- flow of blood from heart
  to lungs back to the heart
• Systemic Circulation-flow of blood to body tissue
  and organs except the heart or lungs

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• Red blood cells- carry oxygen or carbon dioxide
• Platelets- clot blood
• White blood cells-fight
• infection
• Plasma- carry nutrients
• 4 types of blood- A, B, AB, O
• Diseases of circulatory system
• Anemia- not enough iron Leukemia- to many white
  blood cells made hypertension- high blood
  pressure atherosclerosis-fatty deposits build up
  in blood vessels Heart failure

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Lymphatic System

• Parts of the system Lymph nodes, tonsils,
  thymus, spleen
• Function filters blood, produce white blood
  cells (lymphocytes)
• that destroys bacteria and viruses, and
  destroy worn out blood cells.
• Diseases AIDS ( HIV virus attacks T-cells which
  are a type of lymphocyte that helps the body
  fight infections)

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• Parts of the system pharynx, larynx, trachea,
  bronchi, Lungs, alveoli
• Function takes in oxygen and enters
  capillaries gets rid of the wastes, carbon
  dioxide
• Diseases of this system Smoking- chronic
  bronchitis, emphysema, lung cancer, Asthma

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URINARY SYSTEM

• Water in, water out
• Parts of the system kidneys, ureter
• urinary bladder, skin
• Functions to get rid of wastes and toxins that
  could damage systems and to regulate the fluid
  levels in the body. Ex kidneys filter blood and
  then send waste (urea) to bladder to be expelled
  from the body
• Diseases of this system Kidney disease -where
  kidneys do not function then person has to be
  placed on a Dialysis machine
• Thirsty? Your body will release ADH (anti-
  diuretic hormone)

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NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Parts of the system neuron basic unit of
  structure.
• sensory neuron which receives information and
  send impulses to the brain or spinal cord
• interneurons relay information to motor neurons
• motor neurons conduct impulses from the brain to
  muscles or glands throughout body.
• Neurons gather information from other cells
  through dendrites.
• Central nervous system is Brain and Spinal cord
• Peripheral Nervous system all nerves outside of
  brain and spinal cord

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• Brain
• Cerebrum is where thinking takes place
• the largest part of brain
• Cerebellum coordinates your muscle movements
  for balance ( located at back
• lower part of brain)
• Brain stem connects brain to spinal cord
  (medulla is part of the stem and controls
  involuntary actions such as heartbeat,
  breathing, and blood pressure. The medulla
  also is involved in coughing, sneezing,
  swallowing, and vomiting.)

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• Spinal Cord
• Carries impulses from all parts of the body to
  the brain and from the brain to all parts of the
  body.
• Peripheral Nervous System
• Connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of
  the body.
• Made up of twelve pairs of nerves in the brain
  called cranial nerves and thirty one pair of
  nerves from the spinal cord called spinal nerves.

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• Drugs and alcohol affect nervous system
• Drugs act directly on the brain stem which helps
  control heart rate, breathing, appetite and
  sleeping.
• Alcohol disrupts normal cell function and is
  considered a depressant. It can impair memory,
  thought processes, perception, judgment and
  attention. Over time alcohol can destroy
  millions of brain cells that can never be
  replaced or repaired.
• Caffeine is a stimulant and can increase heart
  rate, tremors and insomnia.

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Endocrine System

• This system uses hormones, chemical messengers,
  that are made in tissues called glands found
  throughout the body, control and regulate your
  body.
• Thyroid gland controls the rate that food is
  turned into energy.
• Pituitary gland controls other glands and body
  growth.
• Pineal gland produces melatonin, a hormone that
  functions as a body clock regulating sleep and
  wake patterns.
• Parathyroid gland controls the amount of
  calcium in your blood.
• Adrenal gland effects the kidneys and helps you
  when you are excited, angry or frighten.

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• Adrenal gland effects the kidneys and helps you
  when you are excited, angry or frighten.
• Thymus helps the bodys immune system.
• Ovaries produce female characteristics and
  initiates female bodily functions.
• Pancreas controls the bodys use of glucose.
• Testes produces testosterone which controls the
  development and maintenance of male sexual
  traits.

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Immune System?

• The body system that fights pathogens.
• No single system controls the immune system.
• Team of cells, tissues, and organs working
  together.
• Pathogen Microorganism, organism, virus or
  protein that causes a disease.
• Skin is the first line of defense
• against pathogens.

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• T-cells Coordinate the immune system and
  attack many infected cells
• B cells Cells that make antibodies.
• Antibodies Proteins that
• attach to specific antigens.
• Antigens substances that
• stimulate an immune response
• What about viruses?
• Viruses are not considered to
• be alive. Antibiotics are designed
• to kill or slow the growth of living things.

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• Why are my body systems like a set of dominos?