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KEY CONCEPT Cells require many different nutrients.

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Title: KEY CONCEPT Cells require many different nutrients.


1
KEY CONCEPTCells require many different
nutrients.
2
The six types of nutrients are water,
carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, and
vitamins.
  • Water makes up 55 to 60 of your body.
  • involved in nearly every cell and body process
  • need 2 liters (8 cups) a day to replace fluid lost

3
  • Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for
    the body.
  • simple and complex carbohydrates supply glucose
  • fiber from plant foods helps elimination

4
  • Proteins are necessary for growth and repair of
    the bodys cells.
  • body makes 12 out of 20 amino acids
  • other eight essential amino acids come from food
  • Fats provide energy and key building components.
  • fats are saturated and unsaturated
  • essential fatty acids come from food

5
  • Minerals are inorganic materials.
  • help to build or repair tissues
  • replenished by eating variety of foods

6
  • Vitamins are organic molecules that work with
    enzymes.
  • vitamins are fat-soluble and water-soluble
  • regulate cell functions, growth, development
  • replenished by eating variety of foods

7
Meeting nutritional needs supports good health.
  • During puberty, you require more nutrients and
    Calories.
  • One Calorie equals one kilocalorie, or 1000
    calories.
  • 1g of protein or carbohydrate equals 4 Calories.
  • 1g of fat equals 9 Calories.

8
  • A balanced diet of whole foods provides the best
    nutrients and Calories.
  • Food and physical activity also need to be
    balanced.

9
  • Food labels can help you make good eating
    choices.

10
KEY CONCEPT 32.2The digestive system breaks down
food into simpler molecules.
11
Several digestive organs work together to break
down food.
  • The digestive system breaks down food into energy
    cells can use.
  • After digestion is complete, nutrients are
    absorbed and transported to all cells.
  • Undigested materials are eliminated as liquid and
    solid wastes.

12
Digestion begins in the mouth and continues in
the stomach.
  • Mechanical and chemical digestion break down
    food.
  • Peristalsis moves food through the organs.

muscles contract
stomach
13
  • Digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth.
  • Digestion of proteins occurs in the stomach.
  • Digestion of fats and sugars occur in thesmall
    intestine.

14
Digestion is completed in part of the small
intestine.
  • Most digestion takes place in the duodenum.
  • The pancreas, liver, and gallbladder aid in
    digestion.
  • pancreas helps digest fat and protein
  • bile from the liver/gallbladder helps digest fats

liver
stomach
bile
chyme
bile
enzymes
15
KEY CONCEPT 32.3Nutrients are absorbed and solid
wastes eliminated after digestion.
16
Most absorption of nutrients occurs in the small
intestine.
  • Three structures in the small intestine help
    absorb nutrients.
  • folded lining adds surface area, slows food
  • villi absorb nutrients
  • microvilli cover villi, absorb nutrients

17
  • Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum absorb different
    nutrients.
  • Nutrients enter the circulatory or lymphatic
    systems.
  • Liver stores excess glucose for future use.

18
Water is absorbed and solid wastes are eliminated
from the large intestine.
  • The colon helps to maintain the bodys fluid
    balance.
  • Undigested material forms the solid feces.
  • stored in rectum
  • eliminated through anus

19
  • The large intestine contains many bacteria.
  • some synthesize important vitamins
  • Some, like E. coli, can cause illness

20
KEY CONCEPT 32.4The excretory system removes
wastes and helps maintain homeostasis.
21
The excretory system eliminates nonsolid wastes
from the body.
  • Nonsolid wastes are eliminated through lungs,
    skin, and kidneys.
  • Lungs exhale carbon dioxide and water vapor.
  • Sweat glands in skin release excess water and
    salts.
  • Kidneys filter and clean the blood to produce
    urine.

22
The kidneys help to maintain homeostasis by
filtering the blood.
  • Kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs.
  • two layers medulla and cortex
  • filtering units called nephrons
  • renal artery and renal vein

23
  • Kidneys have three basic functions in maintaining
    homeostasis.
  • remove waste from blood
  • help to maintain electrolyte, pH, and fluid
    balances
  • release key hormones

24
Nephrons clean the blood and produce urine.
  • Nephrons are the filtering units in the kidneys.
  • They clean and rebalance the blood to produce
    urine.

25
  • Nephrons clean the blood in a three-step process.
  • The first step is filtration of the blood.

26
  • The first step is filtration of the blood.
  • The second step is reabsorption of materials.
  • The third step is excretion of materials.

27
Injury and disease can damage kidney functions.
  • A kidney transplant can replaced damaged kidney.
  • recipient and donor tissue must match
  • drugs prevent tissue rejection

28
  • Dialysis can be used to filter and clean the
    blood.
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