Section 1 Sorting It All Out

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Classification
Preview
Section 1 Sorting It All Out Section 2 Domains
and Kingdoms
Concept Mapping
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Section 1 Sorting It All Out
Objectives

• Explain why and how organisms are classified.
• List the eight levels of classification.
• Explain scientific names.
• Describe how dichotomous keys help in identifying
  organisms.

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Section 1 Sorting It All Out
Why Classify?

• The classification of living things makes it
  easier for biologists to answer many important
  questions such as
• 1. How many known species exist?
• 2. What are defining characteristics of each
  species?
• 3. What are the relationships between these
  species?

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Section 1 Sorting It All Out
How do Scientists Classify Organisms?

• Taxonomists currently use eight-level system to
  classify living things based on shared
  characteristics.
• On a branching diagram (cladogram), several
  characteristics are listed along line that points
  to the right.
• Each characteristic is shared by organisms to the
  right of it.

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Section 1 Sorting It All Out
cladograms
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Section 1 Sorting It All Out
Eight Levels of Classification
1. Domain 2. Kingdom 3. Phylum 4.
Class 5. Order 6. Family 7. Genus 8.
Species Dumb King Philip came over for great
spaghetti. Dumb kings play chess on fat green
stools.
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Section 1 Sorting It All Out
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Scientific Names

• One Species, One Name
• A scientific name is always the same for a
  specific kind of organism no matter how many
  common names there might be.
• EX Puma concolor mountain lion, cougar, puma,
  panther, painter

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What is the mental image you get when the word
gopher is said?
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• Two-Part Names binomial nomenclature
• first part of species name genus Always
  capitalized.
• second part of name species Never capitalized.
  
• Both words italicized if typed or underlined if
  handwritten.
• EX
• Felis domesticus
• Felis domesticus .

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Two-Part Names binomial nomenclature

• Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linne)
• Swedish scientist - developed modern system of
  classification using two scientific names
• Useful for scientists no matter what language
  they speak to know exact organism to which they
  refer
• EX develop vaccine for specific disease
• Typically, names derived
• from Latin or Greek (most often)
• in honour of discoverer
• famous scientist/person
• location of organism

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Section 1 Sorting It All Out
Dichotomous Keys

• dichotomous key a tool for identifying organisms
  that uses a series of paired descriptive
  statements.
• By working through the statements in a
  dichotomous key in order, a person can eventually
  identify an unknown organism.

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Section 1 Sorting It All Out
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Dichotomous Key class activity
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Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms
Objectives

• Explain how classification developed as greater
  numbers of organisms became known.
• Describe the three domains.
• Describe four kingdoms in the domain Eukarya.

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A Growing System

• People are still discovering and classifying
  organisms (especially in the ocean).
• Sometimes new organisms are found that are so
  different from other known organisms that new
  classes, phyla, etc. must be formed.
• EX
• 50 years ago, only 2 kingdoms used Plants,
  Animals
• As technology improves, organisms may need to be
  reclassified (DNA sequencing, cellular chemistry,
  etc)

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Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms

• What Is Used to Classify Organisms? Organisms
  classified by their characteristics.
• Adding New Classification Categories As
  scientists continue to learn about living things,
  they add classification categories that account
  for characteristics of different organisms.
• Classification systems will vary by age of
  publication. Those older than 10 years typically
  do not include the domains.

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THREE DOMAINS 1. Archaea (Archaebacteria) 2.
Bacteria (Eubacteria) 3. Eukarya (Eukaryota)
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The 6 Kingdoms
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Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms
The Two Kingdoms of Bacteria

• Domain Archaea
• one of two kinds of prokaryotes
• Prokaryotes single-celled organisms that do not
  have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.
• most live in extreme environments
• hot springs (thermophiles)
• high salt or sulfur (halophiles)
• high pressure in deep ocean or underground
• frigid areas

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The Two Kingdoms of Bacteria

• Domain Eubacteria
• prokaryotes
• can be found nearly everywhere on Earth
• soil (nitrogen-fixers, decomposers)
• water
• on/inside human body (EX E. coli)
• Most bacteria are harmless to humans, acting as
  decomposers, nitrogen-fixers, etc.

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Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms

• The Domain Eukarya
• eukaryote has membrane-bound nucleus and
  organelles

• Kingdom Protista
• commonly called protists
• single-celled or simple multi-cellular organisms
• Any organism NOT classified as plant, animal, or
  fungi is placed here garbage can kingdom

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Kingdom Protista

• Protists classified as
• Plant-like contain chlorophyll (algae)
• Animal-like move using cilia or flagella,
  predatory (protozoans and euglenoids)
• Fungus-like absorb/engulf decaying organic
  matter similar to fungi (slime molds)

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Paramecium gt
Common Protists
Amoeba
Euglena
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and an uncommon one. dog vomit slime mold
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Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms
The Domain Eukarya, continued

• Kingdom Fungi
• complex, multi-cellular eukaryotes
• molds
• mushrooms
• yeasts
• Heterotrophic do not make own food
• Do not perform photosynthesis nor eat food.
• Instead, absorb nutrients from substances in
  their surroundings, esp dead organic matter
• Analogy spit on food, digestive juices break
  down it down, absorb the nutrients thru skin

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Kingdom Fungi
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Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms
Kingdom Plantae

• Plants
• complex, multi-cellular organisms
• eukaryotic
• have cell walls
• autotrophic (make own food through photosynthesis
  ? require sunlight)
• Examples of Plantae mosses, trees, flowers,
  grasses, ferns, and more.

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Kingdom Plantae
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Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms
Kingdom Animalia

• Animals
• heterotrophic
• complex, multi-cellular organisms
• do NOT have cell walls
• able to move around at some point in lifetime
• have specialized sense organs
• Examples of Animalia Ants, beetles, lizards,
  fish, birds, humans, elephants, and more.

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Kingdom Animalia