Chapter 5: Diversity

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Chapter 5 Diversity Conservation

• Importance to nature

• Importance to people
• Oxygen
• Diet
• Medicines

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Threats to Biodiversity

• Section 5.1
• Lets look at several types

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Loss of Diversity

• 3 Things that cause
• Habitat Degradation
• Habitat Fragmentation
• Habitat Destruction
• Threatened Species
• Endangered Species
• Extinction of Species

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Source http//ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/StateListi
ng.do?stateall updated daily
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Exotic (Invasive) Species
Example Page 124

• Non-native organisms that move-in to a
  particular area
• There can be a lack of competitors/ predators
  exponential growth of exotic
• Can be parasites take over niches

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Conservation

• Section 5.2
• Stopping the threats to biodiversity

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Conservation

• 1st step
• Lay Down The Law
• 1973 US Endangered Species Act
• Made it illegal to harm any species on the
  endangered OR threatened list
• Including changing an ecosystem where the species
  lived

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Conservation

• 1. Nature preserves
• Protects entire communities/ecosystems

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Conservation

• 2. Sustainable use
• Use what you need, but dont damage the ecosystem

Is this a good example of sustainable use?
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Conservation

• 3. Reintroduction Programs
• 4. Captivity Breeding

Example The Ginkgo Tree would probably be
extinct if it were not for Chinese monks keeping
it in captivity around temples
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Human Impact

• How are humans affecting ecosystems all over the
  Earth?

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Humans The Environment

• Pest Control
• DDT It increases up the food chain
• BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION

What does DDT stand for?
DichloroDiphenylTrichloroethene
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BIOMAGNIFICATION

• A concentration INCREASE in a chemical as it
  moves from trophic level to trophic level
• WHY? Toxins not metabolized and stay in tissues
  unlike energy
• EX DDT, Mercury

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Humans The Environment

• Habitat Fragmentation
• Ex Cutting off migration paths human
  development
• Habitat Degradation
• Ex Pollution
• Habitat Destruction
• Ex Land development
• Farming
• Logging

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Humans The Environment

• Ozone (O3) Depletion
• O3 forms a good layer around the Earth
• Cause CFC release is breaking down the
  protective ozone layer
• CFCs are used in refrigeration equipment
• Effect UV rays increase skin cancers other
  cell mutations to plants animals!

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Humans The Environment

• Acid Precipitation
• rain, snow, dew or fog
• Causes
• gases such as nitrogen oxide (NOx) and sulfur
  oxide (SOx), generated in the burning of fossil
  fuels (coal and oil)
• React in the atmosphere with sunlight to produce
  acids (nitric and sulfuric acid).
• Acids dissolve in water to become acid
  precipitation.

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How is Acidity Measured?

• Acidity is measured in units called pH.
• The pH scale 0 to 14
• pH 7 indicates neutral
• above 7 base
• Below 7 acid
• Well do more on pH in the Biochemistry chapter

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Effects of Acid Precipitation

• Plants grow poorly in acidic conditions ?
  disrupted food chain
• Acid Rain burns tissues of organisms and leads to
  infections
• Aquatic ecosystems severely effected

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Freshwater species have low tolerance for acidity
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Humans The Environment

• Global Warming
• The Greenhouse Effect
• Fossil fuels give off lots of CO2
• This builds a blanket around the earth
• It is predicted that the Earth temp. could
  increase 50C before 2050 in SOME places
• May cause wide spread weather shifts
• Oceans may lose warm currents (due to ice melt)
  ? some places cooler!

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Carbon Dioxide Increase

• Carbon dioxide levels fluctuate seasonally
• The average level is steadily increasing
• Burning of fossil fuels deforestation are
  contributing to the increase

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Other Greenhouse Gases

• Methane - produced by termites and bacteria

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Greenhouse Effect

• Greenhouse gases impede the escape of heat from
  Earths surface

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Water Pollution/Soil Pollution

• Chemical, biological and physical water pollution
• Chemical fertilizer (nutrients), toxins,
  industrial waste final step threat to human
  health!!!
• Biological bacteria, fungi, protists and yeast
  that are infectious or parasitic associated with
  waste water
• Physical debris, silt, trash

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Water Pollution

• Disrupts drinking water, habitat recreation
• Ex Nutrient Pollution
• Excess N and P cause algal blooms ? choked
  ecosystems and stagnant bacteria filled water
• If humans exposed ? necrotizing fasicitis