Chapters 20-21

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Chapters 20-21

• Protists and Fungi

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IV. Kingdom Protista

• Protist eukaryote that is not a plant, animal,
  or a fungus
• Classified according to the way they obtain
  nutrition

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V. Animal-like Protists Protozoans

• Zooflagellates swim using flagella
• - many live in lakes and streams where
  they absorb nutrients through their cell
  membrane

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• Sarcodines use pseudopods for feeding and
  movement
• - examples amoebas, foraminiferans,
  heliozoans

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• Ciliates use cilia for feeding and movement
• - example paramecium

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• Sporozoans do not move on their own parasitic
• Plasmodium

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• Animal-like Protists and Disease
• 1. Malaria
• a. Plasmodium transmitted by female
  Anopheles mosquito
• b. Infects liver cells and red blood
  cells, causing them to burst

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• 2. African Sleeping Sickness Trypanosoma
  transmitted by the tsetse fly damage to
  nervous system
• 3. Amebic Dysentery Entamoeba spread through
  contaminated drinking water attacks wall of
  intestine

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• Ecology of Animal-like Protists
• 1. Recycle nutrients by breaking down dead
  matter serve as the base of food chains
• 2. Trichonympha lives in digestive systems
  of termites digests cellulose in wood

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VI. Plant-like Protists Unicellular Algae

• Use chlorophyll and accessory pigments to make
  food from sunlight
• Euglenophytes have 2 flagella no cell wall

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• Dinoflagellates some photosynthetic, some
  heterotrophs

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• Chrysophytes have gold-colored chloroplasts

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• Diatoms produce thin, delicate cell walls rich
  in silicon

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• Ecology of Unicellular Algae
• 1. Make up a large part of phytoplankton
  small, photosynthetic organisms found at the
  surface of the ocean
• 2. Symbiotic algae some live together and
  help other organisms
• 3. Algal blooms large masses of algae
  dangerous to habitat

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VII. Plant-like Protists Red, Brown, and Green
Algae

• Red Algae contain red accessory pigments can
  live at great depths due to their efficiency in
  absorbing light energy

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• Brown Algae contain brown accessory pigments
  largest of the algae

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• Green Algae share many characteristics with
  plants photosynthetic pigments, cell wall
  composition

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• Uses of Algae
• 1. Major food source for ocean life
• 2. Used to treat health problems
  ulcers, high blood pressure
• 3. Used as food thickeners ice cream,
  salad dressing, pudding
• 4. Used in industry plastics, waxes,
  deodorants, paints, artificial wood

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• 5. Most important contribution
• Produce much of Earths oxygen through
  photosynthesis

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VIII. Fungus-like Protists

• Obtain nutrients from dead or decaying matter
• Slime Molds
• 1. Cellular and acellular molds
• 2. Important in recycling organic material

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• Water Molds live on dead or decaying organic
  matter in water, parasites on land

Cause of the Great Potato Famine
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IX. The Kingdom Fungi

• Fungi
• 1. Eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell
  walls
• 2. Digest food outside of their bodies and
  then absorb it

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• Structure and Function of Fungi
• - Composed of tiny filaments called hyphae
  some hyphae lack cross walls

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• Reproduction in Fungi
• 1. Most reproduce both asexually and sexually
• 2. Classified according to their structure
  and method of reproduction

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X. Classification of Fungi

• Common Molds - Zygomycetes
• 1. Reproduce using zygospores
• 2. Example black bread mold

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• Sac Fungi - Ascomycetes
• 1. Reproduce using ascospores
• 2. Example yeast
• Club Fungi - Basidiomycetes
• 1. Reproduce using basidia
• 2. Examples mushrooms, shelf fungi,
  puffballs

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• Imperfect Fungi Deuteromycetes
• 1. Reproduce asexually only
• 2. Example Penicillium may have evolved
  from an ascomycete that lost its ability to
  reproduce sexually

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XI. Ecology of Fungi

• Decomposers
• - break down bodies and waste of other
  organisms (saprobes)

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• Parasites
• 1. Cause plant and animal diseases
• 2. Examples ringworm and athletes foot
  form on outer layers of skin

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• Symbiotic Relationships
• 1. Lichens fungus and a
  photosynthetic organism
• 2. Mycorrhizae fungi on plant roots help
  plants grow