The Musculoskeletal System

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Syrian Private UniversityMedical Faculty
Medical Terminology M.A.Kubtan , MD
FRCS Lecture 4
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THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
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Objectives
Objectives

• Name the parts of the musculoskeletal system and
  discuss the function of each part.
• Define combining forms used in building words
  that relate to the musculoskeletal system.
• Identify the meaning of related abbreviations.

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Objectives Part 2
Objectives CONTD

• Name the common diagnoses, laboratory tests, and
  clinical procedures used in treating the
  musculoskeletal system.
• Define the major pathological conditions of the
  musculoskeletal system.

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Objectives Part 3
Objectives CONTD

• Define surgical terms related to the
  musculoskeletal system.
• List common pharmacological agents used in
  treating the musculoskeletal system.

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Structure and Function
Structure Function
Forms the body framework
Protects and supports internal organs
Enables the body to move
Consists of bones, joints and muscles
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Bones
Structure Function
Bones

• Composed of osseous tissue
• Consists of a rich supply of blood vessels and
  nerves

• Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells
• Osteoclasts are responsible for reabsorbing dead
  bone tissue

Bone cells are called osteocytes
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Ossification
Structure Function
Bones
The development of osteocytes and the hardening
process is called ossification.
Ossification depends on
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Common Bone Categories
Structure Function
Bones
The adult skeleton has 206 bones.
Common Bone Categories

• Long bones
• (Femur)
• Short bones
• (Wrist bones)
• Flat bones
• (Skull)

• Irregular bones
• (Vertebrae)
• Sesamoid bones
• (Kneecap)

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Parts of Long Bones
Structure Function
Bones
Parts of long bones

• The shaft is the longest portion also called the
  diaphysis.
• The ends are called the epiphysis.
• Space between the epiphyses and the diaphysis is
  called the metaphysis.

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Parts of Long Bones Part 2
Structure Function
Parts of a long bone

• Articular cartilage is a thin flexible substance
  that provides protection at movable points.
• Medullary cavity contains yellow bone marrow.
• Red bone marrow is found in infant bones and the
  flat bones of adults.

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Cranial Bones
Structure Function
Cranial Bones

• Temporal
• Frontal
• Sphenoid
• Occipital

• Parietal
• Ethmoid

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Sinuses
Structure Function
Sinuses are cavities that reduce the weight of a
bone.
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Facial Bones
Structure Function
Facial Bones
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Spinal Column
Structure Function
Spinal Column

• Cervical 7
• Thoracic 12
• Lumbar 5
• Sacrum 5
• Coccyx 1

Consists of five sets of vertebrae
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Bones of the Chest
Structure Function
Bones of the Chest

• Clavicle
• Scapula
• Sternum

• True ribs
• False ribs
• Floating ribs

The chest cavity is also referred to as the
thoracic cavity.
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Bones of the Pelvis
Structure Function
Bones of the Pelvis

• ilium
• ischium
• pubes
• pelvic cavity

The pubic symphysis is where both pubic bones
join.
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Bones of the Extremities
Structure Function
Bones of the Extremities
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Bones of the Extremities Part 2
Structure Function
Bones of the Extremities (Contd)
Lower leg

• Tibia (shin)
• Fibula
• Patella (kneecap)

Feet and Toes

• Tarsals
• Calcaneus (heel)
• Metatarsals
• Phalanges

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Joints
Structure Function
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Tendons and Ligaments
Structure Function
Tendons and Ligaments
A joint lubricator (synovial fluid) helps
synovial joints move easier.
Movement occurs at joints with the assistance of
muscles, tendons and ligaments.
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Muscles
Structure Function
Muscles
Muscles contract (shorten) and extend to provide
body movement.
Types of Muscles

• Voluntary (skeletal)
• Involuntary (smooth or visceral)
• Cardiac

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Muscles - Fascia
Structure Function
Muscles
Most muscles are covered by a band of connective
tissue called fascia, that supports the muscle.
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Combining Forms
Combining Forms
Match the following combining forms and meanings.
heel bent joint arm
ankyl (o) arthr (o) brachi (o) calcane (o)
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Combining Forms Part 2
Combining Forms
Match the following combining forms and meanings.
carp (o) cephal (o) chondr (o) dactyl
(o) kyph (o)
cartilage hump head wrist fingers, toes
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Combining Forms Part 3
Combining Forms
Match the following combining forms and meanings.
foot finger or toe bone muscle bone spinal
cord bone marrow
my (o) myel (o) pod (o) oste (o) phalang
(o)
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Combining Forms Part 4
Combining Forms
Match the following combining forms and meanings.
curved vertebra spine ulnar tendon
rachi (o) scoli (o) spondyl (o) ten (o) uln
(o)
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Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests
Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests
Medical specialists that treat disorders of the
musculoskeletal system

• Podiatrists
• Chiropractors

• Orthopedists
• Osteopaths
• Rheumatologists

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Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests Pt 2
Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests
Performing internal examinations or the use of
x-rays, scans, and radiographs are often required
to diagnose bone and muscle ailments.
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Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests Pt 3
Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests

• Arthrography
• Arthroscopy
• Diskography
• Computed tomography (CT)
• Myelography

• Electromyogram
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

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Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests Pt 4
Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests
Laboratory tests measure the levels of substances
found in some musculoskeletal disorders.
Common laboratory tests

• Calcium
• Phosphorus
• Uric acid

• Rheumatoid factor test
• Creatine phosphokinase (CPK)

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Pathology
Pathology
Causes of musculoskeletal disorders

• Birth defects
• Injury
• Degenerative disease
• Systemic disorders

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Pathology Part 3
Pathology

• Injury or trauma to the joints or muscle may
  cause a sprain.
• Overuse of a muscle may cause a strain.

Other conditions

• Tendinitis
• Dislocation

• Subluxation
• Osteoporosis

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Pathology Part 4
Pathology
Musculoskeletal Pain and Discomfort

• Osteoalgia
• Myalgia
• Arthralgia
• Arthritis
• Tetany

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Surgical Terms
Surgical Terms
Almost any major part of the musculoskeletal
system can now be surgically repaired.

Supportive devices

• Traction
• Prosthetic devices

• Cast
• Splints

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Surgical Terms Part 2
Surgical Terms
Reduction is the return of a part to its normal
position.
Osteoplasty is repair of a bone.
Tenotomy is the cutting into a tendon to repair a
muscle (myoplasty).
Arthroplasty is repair of a joint.
Laminectomy is removal of part of a spinal disk.