Causes of Migration

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Causes of Migration

• AP Human Geography

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Objective

• By the end of this lesson, students will be able
  to analyze and understand the causes of
  migration, both voluntary and forced.

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Why move??

• People move for a number of reasons
• Better homes, jobs, climate, etc.
• Migration involves a decision, but it can
  sometimes be a forced decision rather than a
  voluntary one.

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Types of Migration
Forced
Voluntary
Rural to Urban Urban to Rural In Search of
Work Better Climate
War Persecution Disasters
Hazard-ous events
Survival
Desires
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Voluntary Migration

• Rural To Urban People are attracted to
  glamorous employment opportunities in cities
• Urban to Rural Weary of city life and the high
  cost of living, people seek refuge in the
  tranquility of the countryside
• International Migration people are motivated for
  many reasons to travel overseas and begin new
  lives.

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Forced Migration

• Natural disasters like hurricanes, floods,
  earthquakes and the spread of disease have all
  encouraged people to move
• War and persecution are extreme examples of
  forced migration
• Civil War has led people to move to nearby
  countries

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Lees Model of Migration

• 1966 (Model to explain forces in migration)
• It introduced the idea of intervening obstacles
  that need to be overcome before migration can
  take place
• Source and destination are seen as possessing a
  range of attributes each would-be migrant
  perceives these attributes differently depending
  on age, race, gender, marital status, etc.

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Lees Model
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Intervening Obstacles

• Factors, real or perceived, that might prevent
  migration.
• Passport documents
• Learning to drive
• Learning a new language
• Schools for children

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Intervening Opportunity

• The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly
  diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther
  away.

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Common Examples of Push and Pull

• Push
• Disagreeable Climate
• Lack of Employment Opportunity
• High Cost of Living
• Pollution
• Overcrowding

• Pull
• Agreeable Climate
• Employment Opportunities
• Clean Air
• Family Connections and Friends

Push and Pull is COMPLEX because people all have
different perceptions of places. What attracts
some people to a place also serves to repel
others.
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Consider Push/Pull Factors for the next 2
photographs
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(No Transcript)
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Test Your Knowledge!
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• In the next few slides, there will be a migration
  story.
• Figure out if the example is demonstrating a
  push factor, pull factor, intervening obstacle or
  intervening opportunity.
• Write your answers down in your notebook, and we
  will review at the end.

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Intervening Obstacle Intervening Opportunity
Pull Factor Push Factor
A new mayor is elected in Chicago. His new city
plans include shutting down many schools and
cutting school budgets. Now, Mr. Wilson, a
resident of Chicago, has a son who is now in an
overcrowded classroom of 40 students and theres
less of a budget to improve the school and hire
high quality teachers. Him and his wife decide
out to the suburbs.
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Intervening Obstacle Intervening Opportunity
Pull Factor Push Factor
Liliana decided she wanted to study abroad in
Australia. When she filled out her paperwork to
get her passport documents, she realized that she
may not get them in time to leave. She paid extra
to have them shipped faster, but they still
didnt get there in time. She ended up having to
put off studying abroad until next semester.
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Intervening Obstacle Intervening Opportunity
Pull Factor Push Factor
Intervening Obstacle Intervening Opportunity Push Factor
Forced Migration Voluntary Migration Pull Factor
Jose, a graduate of Harvard, works in a small
advertising firm in a suburb of Chicago. He has
made such a name for himself, that the Google
office out of Los Angeles offers him a job with
twice the pay and more vacation time. Also, you
cant complain about the weather in LA.
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Intervening Obstacle Intervening Opportunity
Pull Factor Push Factor
Intervening Obstacle Intervening Opportunity Push Factor
Pull Factor Push Factor Pull Factor
Mary, from Chicago, had plans to attend Arizona
State University in the fall. She registered for
classes, visited the campus, and even had a
roommate picked out. A few weeks before school
started, she found out that she got accepted to
the University of Illinois, just 2 hours away. At
the last minute, she decided to go to Illinois
instead of Arizona.
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Ravensteins Laws of Migration

• 1. The majority of migrants move short distances.
  They may move in steps, but they move short
  distances.

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Ravensteins Laws of Migration

• 2. Those who move far away, move to cities

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Ravensteins Laws of Migration

• 3. Urban residents are less migratory
• 4. Most migration is rural to urban.

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Ravensteins Laws of Migration

• 5. Families are less migratory than young adults

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Ravensteins Laws of Migration

• 6. Most international migrants are young males,
  while most internal migration are female.

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Formal Sector Jobs

• Most fortunate migrants will find jobs here.
• A regular wage that gives some access to the
  other advantages of urban life.
• Lets think of some examples

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Informal Sector Jobs

• Because the demand for jobs generally is greater
  than supply, many migrants can do no better than
  this.
• These jobs generally require very little skill or
  education
• There is no set wage
• Lets think of examples