6.5 What causes migration?

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6.5 What causes migration?

• Chapter 19 p. 323-328

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Why do people migrate?

• Push Factors
• Disadvantageous (negative) factors in the home
  country (country of origin) that make people want
  to leave.
• Ex. Famine, unemployment, overcrowding, political
  turmoil, religious persecution, disease, crime

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More Push Factors

• Not enough jobs Few opportunities
• "Primitive" conditions Political fear
• Poor medical care Not being able to practice
  religion
• Loss of wealth Natural Disasters
• Death threats Slavery
• Poor housing Landlords
• Bullying Poor chances of finding courtship

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Why do people migrate?

• Pull Factors
• advantageous (positive) factors in the drawing
  (destination) country that attract people.
• Better health and education, climate, jobs,
  escape., political and religious freedom

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More Pull Factors?

• Job opportunities Better living conditions
• Political freedom Religious freedom
• Enjoyment Education
• Better medical care Security
• Family links
• Better chances of finding courtship

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Why do people migrate?

• Repel Factors
• Disadvantageous (negative) factors in the
  destination country (country of destination) that
  discourage people from going there.
• Ex. Crime, overcrowding, language barrier, no
  relatives/friends

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Why do people migrate?

• Intervening Obstacles
• those forces that stand in the way and prevent
  or inhibit people from moving, their own
  situation!!!
• Ex. lack of money, criminal record, roots,
  distance to destination, dangerous, poor health,
  immigration laws.

Intervening Obstacles
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Why do people migrate?

• Positives () at the Origin
• Positive Factors at the ORIGIN that may make
  them want to stay where they are and NOT move.
• Friends Family connections
• Country of birth
• Familiarity with place
• Cultural background

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The NFLD Case

• Newfoundland Push Factors (-)
• Some people might report that they are pushed out
  of Newfoundland and Labrador for the following
  reasons
• lack of high-skilled jobs in the IT sector
• lack of high-paying jobs
• lack of amenities attainable in larger centers.

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The NFLD Case

• Some people might report that they were drawn or
  pulled () to Ontario or Alberta for the
  following reasons
• Jobs, jobs, jobs
• Choicesin everything! Business etc.
• Expanded and better services
• Ex. schools, health care, transportation,
  business, sanitation and infrastructure, etc.

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The NFLD Case

• Some people might report that they would leave
  Newfoundland and Labrador except for obstacles or
  of home Examples? Which type?
• they love the salt water
• ( Origin)
• parents are aging and need help company
• (Intervening Obstacle)
• they can not afford the trip away let alone the
  cost of setting up and trying to find a job.
• ( Origin)
• Culture and roots are here.
• ( Origin)

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Census

• The process of gathering data, information or
  statistics about the population of a place.

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Census

• Done every 5 10 years (Census 2011)
• Gives government data to use when making
  decisions where to spend money, programs to
  initiate, continue or discontinue.
• Ie. Daycares, seniors homes, schools, pension
  plans, employment initiatives, housing and
  immigration policiesto name a few.

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What can or should be done to control population?

• Legislation by government could make it illegal
  to have more than a certain number of babies.  Is
  that humane?  How do we ensure the correct
  number.  What is done with children over the
  limit?
• Could we provide less expensive birth control for
  developing nations?

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What can or should be done to control population?

• Increasing education of the masses is correlated
  with decreased births.  Could we help to provide
  education in developing nations?  Is that humane?
  
• We know that education of women is correlated
  with decreased births.  Is the education of women
  something we could promote?

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What can or should be done to control population?

• Pension plans RRSP's allow us to be secure into
  our old age and we do not have to worry about
  having children to take care of us.  Is this
  something we could promote in under-developed
  nations?
• Some people have proposed that war and famine
  used to be our natural means of birth control. 
  Clearly this is not an option.

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What can or should be done to control population?

• Highly developed economies are associated
• with decreased birth rates. 
• Q. Should we concentrate on supporting
  improvements to their economies as an ultimate
  route to controlling birth rates?

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Positive Consequences of Migration

• Expanded labor force more people
• Skills, knowledge, creativity, work ethic and
  expertise are enhanced.
• Start businesses and further employ locals.
• Remittances () back to lesser developed
  areashelp them out as well!
• Young people, prime of life, hard working, tax
  paying individuals. Many years of contributing
  and supporting others.
• Cultural enrichment, tolerance, multiculturalism
• Do jobs that locals will not or can not do.

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Negative Consequences

• Take jobs away from locals
• If they are the poor, it adds to the of poor
  already here and is more of a burden on the local
  people, economies etc. Who pays for this?
• May create inner-city slums, housing shortage or
  homelessness in destination area
• Cultural conflict with local identity Ex. what
  is it to be Canadian?
• Possible increase in crime rates.
• Others??

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Push and Pull Factors

• Push
• bad or oppressive laws
• heavy taxation
• unattractive climate
• uncongenial social surrounding (and the strength
  of social ties)
• compulsion
• job loss
• political strife creating refugees

• Pull
• Labor markets
• Educational opportunities
• Relative freedom from family obligations
• Marriage opportunities
• Health advantages
• Social networks, including family reunification

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• Assigned Readings
• "Reasons for Migration" on pages 323-325 of your
  text book.
• "Political and economic conditions in
  Afghanistan" on pages 325-326 of your text book.
• Assigned Activities
• Complete questions 5-7 from page 326 of your
  text book.

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Intervening Obstacles!