Organic Chemistry

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Organic Chemistry
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Organic Chemistry

• The chemistry of carbon compounds
• Sometimes called carbon chemistry

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Organic Chemistry

• The backbone element in the molecules of all
  living things is carbon

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Carbon Chemistry

• Carbon is one of the only elements that can form
  long chains
• Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds

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Organic Chemistry

• Carbon forms covalent bonds with hydrogen,
  oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and the
  halogens

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Hydrocarbons
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Hydrocarbons

• Compounds whose molecular structures contain only
  carbon hydrogen

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Hydrocarbons

• CH4 C5H10
• C3H8 C18H36
• C6H6 CxH2y

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Nomenclature

• Naming compounds
• Rules made by IUPAC
• International Union of Pure Applied Chemistry

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Nomenclature

• Prefix Indicates of carbons in the group
• Suffix Indicates the type of organic compd

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Organic Prefixes

• 1 meth- 6 hex-
• 2 eth- 7 hept-
• 3 prop- 8 oct-
• 4 but- 9 non-
• 5 pent- 10 dec-

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Organic Suffixes

• -ane Sat hydrocarbon
• -ene DB hydrocarbon
• -yne TB hydrocarbon
• -ol Alcohol
• -one Ketone etc

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Alkanes
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Alkanes

• Hydrocarbons containing only single covalent bonds

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Alkanes

• All hydrocarbons with no multiple bonds end with
  the suffix -ane
• Prefix Alk- any length carbon chain

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Alkanes
1 methane 6 hexane 2 ethane 7 heptane 3
propane 8 octane 4 butane 9 nonane 5
pentane 10 decane
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Drill

• Name give the molecular formula for alkanes
  with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 carbons

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Alkane Chemical Formula

• CnH2n2

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Name each of the followingC5H12 C3H8 C8H18
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Saturated Hydrocarbon

• A hydrocarbon with the maximum number of
  hydrogens possible

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Unsaturated Hydrocarbon

• A hydrocarbon with less than the maximum number
  of hydrogens possible

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Formula Writing

• Molecular Formula
• C4H10

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Formula Writing

• Condensed structural formula, C-C C-H bonds
  understood
• CH3CH2CH2CH3

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Formula Writing

• Condensed structural formula, only C-H bonds
  understood
• CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3

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Formula Writing

• Condensed structural formula, bonds understood
  repeats in ()
• CH3(CH2)2CH3

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Formula Writing

• Carbon skeleton, C-H bonds omitted
• C-C-C-C

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Formula Writing

• Complete structural formula
• H H H H
• H C C C C H
• H H H H

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Stick or minimal Structures
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Stick Structures

• Line ends joints represent carbons
• Hydrogens understood
• Others draw

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Draw the following

• Propane octane
• hexane pentane
• butane methane
• heptane ethane

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Draw the following
5-butyl-3-ethyl-4-cyclohexyl-,2,2-dimethyl-6-propy
lnonane
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Name the following
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Branched Alkanes
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Branched Chains

• When an alkane chain gets another hydrocarbon
  group substituted onto it
• Branches sidechains

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Branched Chains
C C C C C C C C C C
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Naming Branched Chains
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• ) Find the longest continuous carbon chain name
  it as the main chain. The final name will end
  with the naming of the main chain

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• C Hexane
• C C C C C C
• C C C

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• ) Number each carbon in the chain so that, the
  side chains will be connected to the lowest
  possible numbers on the carbons

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• C Hexane
• C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
• C C C

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• ) Name the side chains or substituted groups,
  precede them with the of the carbon they are
  connected to a dash

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• C 2-methyl
• C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
• C C C
• 2-methyl 4-ethyl

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• ) If identical groups appear more than once, use
  prefixes di for 2, tri for 3, tetra for 4, penta
  for 5, etc Examples dimethyl, tripropyl, etc

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• C 2,2-dimethyl
• C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
• C C C
• 4-ethyl

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• ) Name the sidechains or groups in alphabetical
  order, but ignore the prefixes when doing so
• Examples ethyl comes before dimethyl, e lt m

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• ) Separate numbers with commas, use hyphens
  between words numbers, and write the alkanes as
  one word
• Example dimethylhexane

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• C
• C C C C C C
• C C C
• 4-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane

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Drill Name
CH3
CH2 H3C-CH-CH2-CH-CH-CH3
CH3 CH2 CH3
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Deriving Structures from Names

• Draw the main chain first
• Look the name ending
• Draw the branches
• Look the group name

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Draw

• 3,4-diethyl-2-methyloctane
• 2,3,5-trimethylhexane
• 5-butyl-3-ethyl-2,6,8-trimethyl-4-propyldecane

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Drill Draw
5-butyl-3-ethyl-2,6,8,9-tetramethyl-4,7-dipropylde
cane
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Isomers

• Compounds that have the same chemical formula,
  but different shapes