States of Matter

1
States of Matter
2
Kinetic Theory of Matter

• All matter is made of molecules/atoms that act
  like tiny particles.
• Molecules are always in motion! The higher the
  temperature, the faster the particles move.
• At the same temperature, heavier particles move
  slower than lighter particles.

3
Tennis Ball/Box Demo

• Small vibrations Solid
• More Energy Added in the form of heat energy,
  bouncing inside box Liquid
• Even More Energy Added in the form of heat
  energy, balls falling out of box Gas
  (evaporation) Heavier molecules evaporate at a
  slower rate.
• Putting the balls back into the box Condensation

4
Why metal balls inside some of the tennis balls?

• Heavier molecules take more energy to evaporate.
• Lighter molecules evaporate more readily.
• Video Kinetic Molecular Theory

Watch as the water molecules gain enough kinetic
energy to evaporate.
5
How does thermal energy affect the state of a
substance?

• Thermal Energy interactive Video Investigate at
  home
• Video molecules in motion

6
Temperature

• Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the
  atoms (or molecules) in a system.
• Temperature measures how hot something is.

7
Temperature Scales

• Fahrenheit (English system)
• Water freezes at 32 F and boils at 212 F.
• Celsius
• freezing point of water is 0 C, and boiling
  point is 100 C.
• Kelvin (scale that is based on energy content)
• At zero Kelvin (absolute zero) all molecular
  motion stops.
• Scientists have figured out a way to get a
  temperature only a few billionths of a degree
  above absolute zero.

8
5 States of Matter

• Elements and compounds can move from one phase to
  another when specific physical conditions are
  present.
• When the temperature of a system goes up, the
  matter in the system becomes more excited and
  active.
• As the temperature rises, matter moves to a more
  active state.

9
5 States/Phases of Matter

• Bose-Einstein Condensates (BEC)
• Solids
• Liquids
• Gases
• Plasmas

10
Bose-Einstein Condensate

• In 1995, two scientists, Cornell and Weiman,
  created the condensate.
• Two other scientists, Satyendra Bose and Albert
  Einstein, had predicted it in the 1920s, but they
  didn't have the equipment and facilities to make
  it happen at that time.
• BECs can only be created with a few special
  elements. Cornell and Weiman did it with rubidium
  (Rb).

11
What is a Condensate? Think Condensation

• Condensation happens when several gas molecules
  come together and form a liquid. The molecules
  get denser or packed closer together.
• It all happens because of a loss of energy. Gases
  are really excited atoms. When they lose energy,
  they slow down and begin to collect.
• Water (H2O) vapor in the form of steam condenses
  on the lid of your pot when you boil water. It
  cools on the metal and becomes a liquid again.
  You would then have a condensate.

12
Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC)

• Super unexcited and super cold atoms.
• Colder than solids
• Occur at temperatures near absolute 0 ((0 K,
  -273.15 C, or -459 F )
• Atoms begin to clump - no more energy to transfer
• creating a "super atom." The atoms take on the
  same qualities and become one blob No longer
  separate atoms

13
Bose-Einstein Basics
14
Bose-Einstein Basics
15
What is a solid?

• Solids have a
• definite shape
• definite volume.
• Molecules are tightly packed
• Cannot move freely, can only vibrate
• Molecules stay fairly still.
• Has a stable, definite shape
• Energy and temperature are very low

16
Solids are broadly characterized as

• Crystalline Solids- Repeating pattern Examples
• Ghost crystals crystals in rocks
• Salt rock candy
• Copper Sulfate
• Amorphous Solids- - Non-repeating pattern
• Examples
• Wax play dough
• hand putty peanut butter
• Gum clay

17
What is a liquid?

• Liquids have
• no definite shape, take shape of container in
  which it is held
• Definite volume.
• Molecules are closely packed
• Molecules vibrate and slide around one another
  easily.
• Energy and temperature, in comparison to a
  solid, are higher.

18
What is a Gas?

• Gases have indefinite and unstable shape
• No definite volume, volume determined by
  container
• Molecules can vibrate, slide, spin, and bounce
  off of one another.
• Molecules are far apart and can move around
  quickly.
• Energy and temperature are higher than those
  of both solids and liquids.
• Gases diffuse (move from higher concentrations to
  lower)
• Heat will increase the rate of diffusion.

19
What is plasma?

• Charged particles --Ionized Gas-- a cloud of
  protons, neutrons and electrons where all the
  electrons have come loose from the atoms
• This is an extreme gas! Strikes the other atoms
  so forcefully it knocks off an electron!
• These gases
• vibrate,
• Slam into one another causing bright gases,
• lots of heat
• lots of energy.

• Hotter than gas! A plasma occurs when the
  temperature is between 1000 degrees C and
  1,000,000,000 degrees C

20
Plasma Examples
Neon Signs
Our Sun, the core of stars
Lightning
Plasma TV
Aurora Borealis
plasma balls
Plasma Cutters
21
Plasma the 4th State of Matter
22
(No Transcript)
23
A Phase Change

• A "phase" describes a physical state of matter.
• If energy is added (like increasing the
  temperature) or if energy is taken away (like
  freezing something), you have created a physical
  change.

24
A Phase Change

• A compound or element can move from one phase to
  another, but still be the same substance.
• It may require extreme temperatures or extreme
  pressures, but it can be done. 

25
(No Transcript)
26
Melting

• SOLID ? LIQUID
• Melting Point - the temperature at which matter
  changes from solid to liquid, (e.g. The melting
  point of water from ice to liquid water is 0 C)

27
Evaporation

• LIQUID ? GAS
• Boiling a liquid to form a gas is called
  vaporization.
• Super Heated Steam Video
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vyFnNK9fNdl
  s

28
Evaporation
How does evaporation differ from vaporization?
29
Vaporization, Boiling, Evaporation
30
Boiling vs. Evaporation
31
(No Transcript)
32
Sublimation

• SOLID ? GAS
• Examples
• Mothballs in closet
• Dry ice

33
Condensation

• GAS ? LIQUID
• Examples
• Glass of ice water
• Bathroom mirror after shower
• Dew on grass.

34
Freezing or Solidification

• LIQUID ? SOLID

Water is the only known substance that expands as
it freezes. Most substances contract.
35
Deposition

• GAS ? SOLID
• Examples
• Frost on glass- Water vapor becoming a solid

36
Pressure and Phase Change

• If lowering the temperature wont get a liquid to
  change to a solid just apply pressure.
• By applying pressure you are pushing the
  molecules together.

37
Thermal Expansion

• Thermal expansion is the tendency of a matter to
  change in volume in response to a change in
  temperature.
• Examples
• Sidewalk cracking
• Bridges
• Demo Hand Boiler

38
(No Transcript)
39
Heating and Cooling Curves

• Heating Curve Link