The Rise and Fall of Napoleon (Napoleonic Era) 1802-1815

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The Rise and Fall of Napoleon(Napoleonic Era)
1802-1815

• From Corsican to Emperor to Exile 1769-1821

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• The little Corsican
• Born August 15, 1769 in rebellion vs. France
• Studies Caesar entered military
• French Revolution provides opportunities
• 1793 Noticed by Rev. Govt. at Toulon
• 1794 Robespierres fall others Napoleons
  rise
• Oct 1795 mob of 80,000 attack NC
• Napoleon called upon fires point blank
  w/cannons
• Uncounted deaths promotion to major general
• March 1796 General-in-Chief of army in Italy

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The Consulate, 1799-1804

• Coup detat
• Constitution created a three consul system
• Napoleon chosen as First Consul
• The two subordinate consuls had little authority
  (Talleyrand Foreign minister)
• In 1802, Napoleon changed the Consulate
• The people voted, electing Napoleon
• First Consul for life

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Napoleonic Code

• Commission drafted new law codes beginning 1800
• 1804 Civil Code (for France) goes into effect
• By 1810, new laws in commercial and criminal
  cases had been developed
• Reaffirmed principle of citizens equality
  before the law
• Marriage completely secularized divorce
  restricted
• Women patriarchal society obedience no
  political voice
• Penalties for political crimes increased
• Sig codification of laws for all introduced to
  other countries under Napoleonic rule

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Concordat of 1801

• Pope Pius VI condemned clergy who signed CCC
• (Bishop) Talleyrand stained with perjury and
  guilty of desertion for relinquishing his church
  into the hands of laymen of his own authority.
• Danger of split moves Pius VII to
  reconciliation with Napoleon
• 10th draft finally approved by both sides
• Recognizes Catholic faith is of majority of
  French citizens but not national religion
• French govt authority to nominate bishops but
  Pope invests -- bishops choose priests
• Pope wont interfere with old church lands now
  owned by others
• Napoleon adds Organic Articles reestablishing
  Gallicanism!
• Sig Church re-established after 11 years of
  suppression, but under French control!

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Education Reforms

• State-controlled system of secondary schools
• French Academy restored 1795
• Professional and technical schools developed as
  well
• E.g. École Polytechnique
• Public and some private schools run by a govt
  agency

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WarfareWorld War from 1792-1815!

• 1792-1795, 1st Coalition Prussia, Austria,
  Great Britain, Spain, Port Prussia accepts
  France as Protector of Germany Spain allies w/
  France b/c of Gibraltar
• 1797 Austria signs treaty of Campo Formio (gives
  over Belgium France gets Left Bank of Rhine)
• 1799 2nd Coalition R, GB, A, OE, Port, Naples,
  Vatican
• GB defeats Nap. _at_ Nile (BUT Napoleon returns
  home w/stories of VICTORY) Nap. Sets out to
  recapture Italian territories
• 1801 Peace of Luneville Fr. Advances on Vienna,
  Austria sues for peace
• 1802 Peace of Ameins Great Britain backs off (1
  year of European peace)
• shame of princes German princes of Left Bank
  of Rhine bribe French for Right Bank territory
  ultimately leads to Confederation of the Rhine
  (1806)

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Stages of Occupation

• Stage 1 military conquest occupation
• Stage 2 establishment of native satellite
  govt.
• draft new constitution
• regularize relationships w/ France (Spain and
  Grand Duchy of Warsaw stopped here)
• Stage 3 great internal reform reorganization
• esp. Belgium, Rhine territories, Italy and bulk
  of Germany
• Reform all that is FEUDAL!!!

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Types of Reform

• Church losses position as public authority
• Inquisition abolished/church property confiscated
• religious tolerance
• Guilds abolished
• gen. legislation of towns provinces
• internal tariffs removed (free trade)
• Napoleonic Code accepted
• hereditary office and sale of office abolished /
  personal expenses sep. from govt. expenses
• common tax land tax
• BUT, no self government all dependent states
  must supply money soldiers

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Napoleonic Empire

• Crowned himself emperor Dec. 3, 1804
• 1805 King of Italy
• Established highly organized central govt
• 83 French departments run by Prefects
• Dismantled local authorities est. during FR
• Linked his authority to the countryside
• Reorganized tax collection
• Helped to put France on solid financial ground
• No tax exemptions for anyone
• Taxes collected by professionals

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Warfare (cont.)

• 1804 Napoleons Coronation
• War of the Third Coalition, 1805-1807
• Great Britain, Austria, Russia, Sweden vs. France
• 17 Oct. 1805 at Ulm in Bavaria defeats Austria
  goes on to capture Vienna
• 2 December 1805 at Austerlitz (110 km north of
  Vienna) defeats Russ./Aus. greatest victory
• Austria signs Treaty of Pressburg Russia
  retreats to Poland
• Holy Roman Empire disbanded by Napoleon
• Nap. creates Confederation of Rhine 1806
• Napoleon is protector
• HREmperor Francis II becomes Francis I of
  Austrian Empire
• Prussia enters war vs. France
• Jena and Auerstädt October 1806
• (Nap. begins Arc de Triumphe!)

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Warfare cont.

• 1807 Victory at Friedland (June 14)
• Swift defeat pushes Russia to ally with France
  vs. Britain
• Treaty of Tilsit Alexander I accepts Nap. as
  emperor of the West fears internal Russian
  revolt if France invades wouldnt mind being
  Emperor of East
• - Breaks Polish territories from Prussia and
  forms Duchy of Warsaw Fr. force occupation of
  Prussia
• Reign of the Bonapartes
• Joseph, King of Naples till 1808
• Spain 1808 on (guerilla warfare never won)
• Louis, King of Holland
• Jerome, King of Westphalia
• Caroline, Queen of Naples 1808
• Austrian War of Liberation 1809
• Nap. takes Austrian Poland for Grand Duchy of
  Warsaw /
• Nowfor Britain!

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Continental System

• Effort to destroy British economy (nation of
  shopkeepers)
• Britain 1805 confirms naval superiority never a
  large army on mainland Nap. will fight sea
  power with land power
• So Berlin Decree, 1806 blockade British ships
• So British Order in Council, 1807 all ships
  must stop in British port before moving on to
  Napoleonic port
• So Milan Decree, 1807 retaliation, confiscate
  British goods
• Continental System colossal failure for French
  but not for British

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Napoleonic Empire
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Disaster

• Peninsular War, 1808-1814
• France occupied Spain and attempts to take over
  Portugal
• Spanish rise up against French (Nap. 1st defeat)
• Serious drain financially and militarily /
  Spanish guerillas supported by Lord Wellington
• Russian Campaign, June 1812 611,000 men
• France invades to punish Russia for refusing to
  help the Continental System
• 3 month march to Moscow short of food ½ die
• Battles severe winter worse scorched earth
  policy of Russians Napoleon returns with
  111,000!
• Beginning of the end
• Leipzig or Battle of the Nations Oct. 1813 driven
  back to France

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The Endor is it?

• 11 April 1814, Napoleon abdicates
• Allied forces move him to Elba
• Louis XVIII, brother of Louis XVI, declared King
  of France Bourbons restored!
• 1st Treaty of Paris May 1814 old France
• 100 Days
• Napoleon returns to France March 1, 1815
• Reaches Paris and heads for Belgium wants to
  disperse Congress of Vienna!
• Defeated at Waterloo, 18 June 1815 - Wellington
• Napoleon sent to St. Helena island where he dies
  in 1821
• 2nd Treaty of Paris must pay now

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Europe after Napolean
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Third of May 1808, Francisco Goya