Racism and Prejudice in Canada

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NEVER ATTRIBUTE TO MALICE THAT WHICH CAN BEST
BE EXPLAINED BY IGNORANCE
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What are the terms that relate to Racism?
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FOUR ASPECTS OF RACISM(AND ALL THE OTHER ISMS)
SYSTEMIC DISCRIMINATION
BELIEFS, ATTITUDES
policies, practices
DISCRIMINATION
Racism, sexism, anti-Semitism, classism,
homophobia, etc.
PREJUDICE
BEHAVIOUR, ACTION
pre-judge

STEREOTYPING
set Image
Adapted from B. Thomas and C. Novogrodsky (1983)
Combatting Racism in the Workplace
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CIRCLE OF ATTITUDES ANDBEHAVIOURS

SYSTEMIC DISCRIMINATION
STEREOTYPE
DISCRIMINATION
PREJUDICE
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STEREOTYPE

• STEREOTYPE The idea that all members of a
  group are the same, rather than individuals with
  differing abilities, personalities and values.
• In other words, stereotypes are
  overgeneralizations about the appearance,
  behaviour, or other characteristics of all
  members of a group.

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STEREOTYPES

• Irish people are drunks.
• Teenagers are loud and obnoxious.
• Chinese people are bad drivers.
• Koreans are good at math.
• White men cant jump.
• Blonde women are dumb.

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EXAMPLE Racial Ethnic Jokes

• In one of your classes you overhear a classmate
  telling a racist joke.
• What do you do?

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WE ALL NEED TO ASK OURSELVES

• Think Would you say it in front of your partner,
  parents/guardians, grandparents/elders or a
  person of the race the joke is about?
• Think Would you say it if the joke was going to
  appear on the front page of the newspaper or on
  the news?

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WE ALL NEED TO ASK OURSELVES

• Think Would you say it to a member of the same
  gender in exactly the same way?
• Think Why does it need to be said? Does it need
  to be said? What purpose does it serve?

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RACIAL/ETHNIC JOKES

• Consider all racial or ethnic jokes as
  discriminatory and promoting hate.
• Did you hear about the (Black, Jew, Newfie,
  Pollack, Native, Scotsman, Chinese, Catholic)?

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RACIAL/ETHNIC JOKES

• All racial/ethnic jokes contain a slur an
  insult toward those who are members of a
  particular racial or ethnic group.

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RACIAL/ETHNIC JOKES ARE BASED ON STEREOTYPES

• ?
• This stereotyped label is associated with a
  fixed image which is usually negative.
• ?
• Stereotyping and labelling can promote prejudice
  (a judgment based on insufficient, inappropriate
  and/or false information) and discrimination (the
  activation of prejudice)
• ?

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RACIAL/ETHNIC JOKES ARE BASED ON STEREOTYPES

• ?
• Racism the expression of a negative prejudice
  towards a specific group.
• ?
• Promotes hatred towards the targeted group.
• ?
• Someone who already dislikes a certain group has
  those feelings strengthened.
• ?

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RACIAL/ETHNIC JOKES ARE BASED ON STEREOTYPES

• ?
• and
• ?
• Someone who has no knowledge of the group may
  accept this version and develop a negative
  feeling towards them without any direct
  experience.
• G. Guttentag
• Race Relations Directorate
• Ministry of Citizenship

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PREJUDICE

• Prejudice comes from the words Pre and Judge
  to pre-judge.
• In other words, to have an opinion or image based
  on previously held ideas rather than knowledge or
  experience.

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PREJUDICE

• It is an irrational, negative attitude about
  people based on such characteristics as
  racialization, gender, age, ability, religion,
  and/or sexual orientation.
• It is when you agree with the stereotypes.

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DISCRIMINATE / DISCRIMINATION

• Discriminate/Discrimination To treat a
  particular group, or member of a particular group
  differently or unfairly.
• It is based on prejudices.

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DISCRIMINATION

• For centuries women have been stereotypically
  viewed as being less intelligent, or incapable of
  doing things such as say math or science.
• They were to be barefoot and pregnant in the
  kitchen.

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DISCRIMINATION

• This prejudicial attitude led to discrimination
  when it came to womens ability to be allowed to
  hold down traditional male jobs that required
  math/science.
• And if they did get the job, women were paid less
  for doing the same job.

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DISCRIMINATION

• Women were seen as being inferior to men
  therefore could not vote.
• It was not until 1918 that the Canadian
  Parliament granted women the right to vote in
  federal elections.

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DISCRIMINATION

• There is a prejudice that Aboriginal people do
  not have good work habits.
• There are stereotypes that Aboriginal people are
  not smart, that they are always late, that they
  are alcoholics.
• Discrimination occurs when a person is not given
  a job because they are Aboriginal.

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RACE AND ETHNICITY

• Race and ethnicity are not necessarily connected.
• Racial/racialized groups are set apart from
  others because of visible physical differences.
• Ethnic groups differ from others on the basis of
  national origin or distinctive cultural patterns.

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RACE AND ETHNICITY

• Ethnic Group/Ethnicity a category of people who
  are distinguished by others or themselves on the
  basis of cultural or national characteristics.
• Race is considered a social construct
  (created/constructed by humans we are all part
  of ONE RACE - THE HUMAN RACE).

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RACE AND ETHNICITY

• Many people use the term Racialized
  Group/Racialization A category of people who
  have been singled out, by others or themselves,
  as inferior or superior, on the basis of
  subjectively selected physical characteristics
  such as skin colour or eye shape.

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RACISM

• Racism is the mistreatment of people on the basis
  of race, place of origin, or ancestry the belief
  that one group of people is inferior or superior
  to another.
• Racism is any action based on stereotypes that
  view all members of a racial, ethnic, or cultural
  group as being the same, rather than individuals.

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EXCLUSION

• Racism is

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EXCLUSIONS OF A PARTICULAR KIND

• Exclusions that involve racialization.
• Exclusions that are organized (i.e. made by
  people).
• Exclusions that have significant negative
  consequences for the excluded.

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EXAMPLE Name-Calling

• In one of your classes you overhear a student
  calling someone a racist name.
• What do you do?

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Common Responses

• Dont let that hurt you.
• Focus on the offender.
• Try to get him/her/they to change his/her/their
  ways.
• See it as individual/family problem.

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Name-Calling as Exclusion

• This is an act of violence what to do
• 1) Stop it!
• 2) Support/comfort the victim.
• 3) Deal with effects which go beyond the
  immediate parties (i.e. tip of the iceberg, set
  of larger issues get to the root of it).

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RACISM AS EXCLUSION

• Understanding racism as an exclusion draws
  attention to processes of creating inclusions.
• It also means that racism is NOT about intentions
  (what was intended).
• Rather racism is about effects/impacts.

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A note about INTENTIONS

• Racism is not about good people and bad people.
• Good people can do racist things and bad people
  can do anti-racist ones.

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A note about INTENTIONS

• People experience racism differently because of
  how it locates them socially.
• Racism originates from thoughts, beliefs, values
  it is in the head/it is socially constructed.
• Regardless, racism is a reality in our world.

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Exposing Racism Photograph Activity

• Photographs can often capture important social,
  cultural, political, economic and environmental
  moments in history.

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Exposing Racism Photograph Activity

• You will examine one historical photograph to
• 1) analyze the time period to gain a greater
  understanding of history
• 2) explore issues of racism, stereotypes, and
  bias
• 3) explore how photographs can expose racism.

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Exposing Racism Photograph Activity

• Essential Questions
• How can photographs capture a moment in history?
• What significance do historical photographs play
  in the present?
• Why is it important to understand the context of
  a photograph?

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Massery
Eckford
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TO DO Read your Course Pack
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What are the roots of Racism?
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ROOTS OF RACE

• Classification schemes since 1700s
• Time of the scientific revolution, which
  introduced and privileged the study of natural
  kinds.
• The age of European imperialism and colonization
  which established political relations between
  Europeans and peoples with distinct cultural and
  political traditions.

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ROOTS OF RACE

• As Europeans encountered people from different
  parts of the world, they speculated about the
  physical, social, and cultural differences among
  various human groups.
• With the rise of the Atlantic slave trade, which
  gradually displaced an earlier trade in slaves
  from throughout the world, created a further
  incentive to categorize human groups in order to
  justify the subordination of African slaves.

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ROOTS OF RACE

• Europeans began to sort themselves and others
  into groups based on physical appearance, and to
  attribute to individuals belonging to these
  groups behaviors and capacities which were
  claimed to be deeply ingrained.
• A set of folk beliefs took hold that linked
  inherited physical differences between groups to
  inherited intellectual, behavioral, and moral
  qualities.

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ROOTS OF RACE

• Traits were somewhat arbitrary Why skin colour
  and not eye colour?
• E.g. Jane Elliots experiment in Eye of the
  Storm (1970) and A Class Divided (PBS 1985)
• http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/divi
  ded/etc/view.html

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RACE

• We are ALL part of the HUMAN RACE we should see
  each other as human beings!

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What is Race? Website
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What is Race? Website

• The PBS organization has created a website that
  delves into the notion of what is race with an
  assortment of learning activities. 
• Take some time to go through this site on your
  own.  
• http//www.pbs.org/race/001_WhatIsRace/001_00-home
  .htm

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Race The Power of an Illusion

• A three part documentary series looks into the
  notion of race in society.
• The Power of an Illusion questions the notion of
  race and suggest that race is more socially
  constructed around the world.
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vY8MS6zubIaQ
  (Trailer 513)

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THE RESULTS

• The roots of race have led to Racism, White
  Privilege and Internalized Dominance.

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THE RESULTS

• Privilege a right, immunity, permission or
  benefit enjoyed only by a person/individual,
  group, class, or caste that is beyond the
  advantages of most i.e. the privileges of rich,
  white, able-bodied, heterosexual men.

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THE RESULTS

• White Privilege privilege that accrues to
  people who have white skin, trace their
  ancestry to Europe, and think of themselves as
  European Canadians or WASPs (White Anglo-Saxon
  Protestants).

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THE RESULT INTERNALIZED DOMINANCE

• Internalized Dominance all the ways that White
  people learn they are normal (the norm), feel
  included, and do not think of themselves as
  other or different.

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THE POLITICS OF RACE

• The Politics of Race or Race Politics are where
  people perceive others to be different and use
  these perceptions to justify differential
  treatment.
• This is especially evident historically in Canada.

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TO DO Read your Course Pack
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A History of Prejudice and Racism in Canada
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HISTORICAL EXAMPLES OF RACISM IN CANADA What
do you know?
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HISTORY OF RACISM IN CANADA

• History of Racism in Canada Video (2012)
• 7 minutes 46 seconds
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vdvqXh83IJgM

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OTHER EXAMPLES OF HISTORICAL RACISM?

• What are the examples that show Canadas history
  of racism and immigration?
• What are some other examples of Canadas dark
  history of racism and immigration?

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TO DO

• See additional PPT
• Historical Review of Racism in Canada
• on www.scheuernet.com

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DISCUSS

• Do you think racism is a serious problem in our
  present day Canadian society?
• Why or why not? Explain.

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5 MYTHS ABOUT RACISM IN CANADA

1. There is no racism in Canada!
2. Only bad people are racist.
3. Racism is about individuals.
4. Difference causes racism.
5. Children/young people are innocent of racism.

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Prejudice and Racismin Canada Today
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THE HISTORICAL EXPERIENCES

• The historical examples provide a backdrop to
  help illustrate the different forms of racism
  found in our society today.

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CANADAS DEMOGRAPHIC COMPOSITION

• 2011 Census
• 6.8 million foreign-born residents, or 20.6 per
  cent of the population.
• Almost one in five people living in Canada is a
  visible minority.
• 4.3 per cent of Canada's population have
  Indigenous status.

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CANADAS DEMOGRAPHIC COMPOSITION

• 2011 Census
• Nearly 6,264,800 people identified themselves as
  a member of a visible minority group.
• They represented 19.1 of the total population.

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CANADAS DEMOGRAPHIC COMPOSITION

• 2011 Census
• Of these visible minorities, 30.9 were born in
  Canada and 65.1 were born outside the country
  and came to live in Canada as immigrants.
• A small proportion (4.0) of the visible minority
  population was non-permanent residents.

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CANADAS DEMOGRAPHIC COMPOSITION

• A vision for Canada must be inclusive and based
  on collective endeavour to eradicate racism yet .
  . . there exists segregation and discrimination.

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MAJORITY AND MINORITY GROUPS

• Majority (or dominant) group is one that is
  advantaged and has superior resources and rights
  in society.

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MAJORITY AND MINORITY GROUPS

• Minority (or subordinate group) is one that is
  disadvantaged, subjected to discrimination, and
  regards itself as an object of discrimination,
  e.g. people of colour, disabled, and gays,
  lesbians, and trans people.

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MINORITY GROUPS IN CANADA

• Visible minorities is a person or group visibly
  not one of the majority race in a given
  population.

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MINORITY GROUPS IN CANADA

• Combined, the three largest visible minority
  groups-South Asians, Chinese and Blacks-accounted
  for 61.3 of the visible minority population in
  2011.
• They were followed by Filipinos, Latin Americans,
  Arabs, Southeast Asians, West Asians, Koreans and
  Japanese.

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MINORITY GROUPS IN CANADA

• Among all recent immigrants who arrived between
  2006 and 2011, roughly 661,600 or 56.9 came from
  Asia (including the Middle East).
• About 159,700 European-born immigrants arrived in
  Canada between 2006 and 2011. They comprised the
  second largest group of newcomers and accounted
  for 13.7 of all recent immigrants.

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MINORITY GROUPS IN CANADA

• By 2031, one in three Canadians will belong to a
  visible minority.
• One in four will be foreign-born.

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MINORITY GROUPS IN CANADA

• Visible minorities face the additional problems
  of prejudice, discrimination as well as higher
  rates of victimization.

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SOCIAL EXCLUSION OF MINORITIES

• Social exclusion of minorities is due to
  selective ethnic and racial inclusion by the
  majority group.
• Exclusion occurs because one group wants to
  defend its social status or resources against
  another.

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SOCIAL EXCLUSION OF MINORITIES

• Minority groups are seen as others, and
  barriers are built against them when they are
  perceived as competition.
• Historically immigrants were shunned, and
  tolerated only because Canada needed their
  labour.

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MULTICULTURALISM

• Canada recognizes two types of multiculturalism
• 1) Traditional multiculturalism focuses on
  individual rights.
• 2) Modern multiculturalism is concerned with the
  survival of cultural groups.

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MULTICULTURALISM

• The Federal policy on multiculturalism has been
  criticized for emphasizing group differences and
  for its perceived special treatment of minority
  groups.
• Aboriginal fight for autonomy is yet another
  complication of Canadian multiculturalism.

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MULTICULTURALISM

• We pride ourselves on being a multicultural
  society, yet.

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THE PROBLEM OF NATIONALISM

• Nationalism is produced by an 'us' and 'them'
  mentality/orientation.
• This tends to be destructive to multiculturalism.

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THE PROBLEM OF NATIONALISM

• Two types of nationalism
• 1) A community of citizens who express loyalty
  and patriotic attachment to a shared set of
  values which constitutes civic nationalism.
• 2) Ethnic nationalism involves a tracing of
  roots, and a search for identity, and political
  recognition.

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THE VERTICAL MOSAIC IN CANADA

• John Porter, a Canadian sociologist, calls
  Canadian society a vertical mosaic
• English and French Canadians exist at the top of
  the economic hierarchy and ethnic minorities are
  situated at or near the bottom (regardless or
  demographics).

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THE VERTICAL MOSAIC IN CANADA

• The vertical mosaic persists because of several
  factors such as exclusionary practices by the
  majority, and migration and self-organizing
  practices.

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THE VERTICAL MOSAIC IN CANADA

• Vertical mosaic is a system of racial
  stratification
• System of inequality in which race is the major
  criterion for rank and rewards (the white race
  is the measuring stick/at the top of the
  hierarchy).

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RACISM IN CANADA

• Our Canada Are We Racist? (2014)
• 19 minutes 28 seconds
• Watch on your own (option to show the first 338
  minutes)
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?v8ET8KyiY_Nc

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BLACK IN CANADA

• Being Black In Canada (2015)
• 22 minutes 34 seconds
• Watch on your own (option to show the first 614
  minutes)
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vORW_e8P8RcY

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TO DO Read your Course Pack
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IMMIGRATION AND RACISM THEN AND NOW

• Immigration The action of coming to live
  permanently in a foreign country a humanitarian
  issue.

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IMMIGRATION AND RACISM THEN AND NOW

• Canadas immigration policy historically has been
  determined by economic factors and by racial
  preferences it has been about discrimination
  and exclusion.
• Negative beliefs about immigration and immigrants
  are often imbedded in and influenced by
  historical misinformation.

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IMMIGRATION AND RACISM THEN AND NOW

• Today (and in the past) immigration is often
  viewed as problematic, not for the immigrants
  themselves, but for the social and economic
  comfort of the current citizens (mostly white
  Canadians).

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IMMIGRATION AND RACISM MYTHS

• Myth 1) Immigration is an individual act or
  choice it does not have anything to do with
  policies, government practices, discrimination,
  and/or lack of economic opportunity.

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IMMIGRATION AND RACISM MYTHS

• Myth 2) Our county is based on multiculturalism
  and we have accepted and encouraged all immigrant
  groups equally we have welcome all immigrants
  and they have had equally opportunity in Canada.

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IMMIGRATION AND RACISM MYTHS

• Myth 3) Undocumented/illegal immigrants are
  lawbreakers/criminals they are a negative
  influence/burden on our society regardless of
  their participations in consumerism or any claims
  of human and environmental exploitation.

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IMMIGRATION AND RACISM THE CONTEXT

• The problem with these views/beliefs is that they
  lack sociopolitical context that is they are not
  based on an understanding of the social,
  political, and economic forces that inform not
  only immigration, but also peoples responses to
  immigration and immigrants.

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IMMIGRATION AND RACISM THE CONTEXT

• Context 1) Immigration is the result of
  inequitable sociopolitical and economic policies
  and practice between developed and developing
  nations.

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IMMIGRATION AND RACISM THE CONTEXT

• Context 2) Canada has a long history of racial
  exclusion/racism and exploitation, often
  reflected in historical discriminatory
  immigration and citizenship laws and practices
  against people of colour.

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IMMIGRATION AND RACISM THE CONTEXT

• Context 3) Unbridled consumerism and excessive
  corporate profits depend on the exploitation of
  labourers, particularly those who are most
  marginalized, both globally and nationally, and
  the exploitation of developing nations resources
  (the people are left in dire poverty because the
  profits go to foreign multinationals).

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IMMIGRATION AND RACISM NOW

• Immigration continues to be about economics,
  politics and race.
• For instance, the Canadian government rejects
  certain occupations, requires certain language
  skills, and makes immigration officers available
  in only certain parts of the world.

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IMMIGRATION AND RACISM NOW

• Racial profiling is the use of an
  individuals race or ethnicity by law,
  immigration and enforcement personnel as a key
  factor in deciding whether to engage in
  enforcement (e.g. make a traffic stop or arrest
  let into the country question after leaving a
  store) it is a form of racial stereotyping.

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IMMIGRATION AND RACISM NOW

• The practice is controversial and is illegal in
  many jurisdictions/countries.
• Yet somehow it proliferates in law enforcement
  agencies (police forces, border guards, airport
  security), the education system, the criminal
  justice system, government and in the general
  public.

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IMMIGRATION AND RACISM NOW

• For example, without notice, in 2012, the
  government arbitrarily rejected a backlog of
  nearly 100,000 applications, representing 280,000
  people, many of whom had waited years to come to
  Canada.
• As a result, applicants from a lot of
  non-English-speaking countries were excluded.

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RECENT RACIAL PROFILING

• Other examples of racial profiling, include the
  recent shootings of Trayvon Martin and Michael
  Brown in the USA.

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RECENT RACIAL PROFILING

• Trayvon Martin was a 17-year-old African American
  who was fatally shot on February 26, 2012 by
  George Zimmerman, a neighborhood watch volunteer,
  in Sanford, Florida.
• On the evening of February 26, Martin went to a
  convenience store and purchased candy and juice.

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RECENT RACIAL PROFILING

• As Martin returned from the store, Zimmerman
  spotted him and called the Sanford Police to
  report him, saying he looked suspicious.

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RECENT RACIAL PROFILING

• Zimmerman was eventually charged and tried in
  Martin's death and a jury acquitted Zimmerman of
  second-degree murder and of manslaughter in July
  2013.
• Martins death raised questions about racism in
  US society and racial profiling.

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RECENT RACIAL PROFILING

• The shooting of Michael Brown occurred on August
  9, 2014, in Ferguson, Missouri, United States, a
  suburb of St. Louis.
• He was about to begin college in September 2014.

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RECENT RACIAL PROFILING

• Michael Brown Jr., an unarmed 18-year-old black
  male, died after being shot at least six times by
  Ferguson police officer Darren Wilson, who is
  white.

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RECENT RACIAL PROFILING

• The shooting sparked unrest in Ferguson due to
  longstanding racial tensions in one of the most
  segregated metropolitan areas in the United
  States.
• Protests, vandalism, looting, and other forms of
  social unrest continued for weeks.

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RECENT RACIAL PROFILING

• Night curfews were imposed with the escalating
  violence.
• Widespread media coverage examined the post 9/11
  trend of local police departments arming
  themselves with military-grade weapons when
  dealing with protests.

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ISLAMOPHOBIA

• Islamophobia (or anti-Muslim sentiment)
   prejudice against, hatred towards, or fear of
  the religion of Islam or Muslims a type
  of racialized discrimination.
• An increase in Islamophobia resulted from
  the September 11 attacks, the increased presence
  of Muslims in the Western nations, and more
  recent events.

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RECENT ISLAMOPHOBIA

• After ISIS murdered two Americans in late August
  2014, Americans of all backgrounds, Muslims
  included, responded with rejection and revulsion.
  Despite abundant evidence that ISIS was also
  slaughtering Muslims, the vast majority of whom
  reject ISIS's ideology, some in our country
  blamed all followers of Islam for the groups
  actions.  

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RECENT ISLAMOPHOBIA

• When the Kouachi brothers attacked the offices of
  Charlie Hebdo magazine in Paris on Jan. 7, 2015,
  the effect of islamophobia was magnified.

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ISLAMOPHOBIA IN CANADA

• Muslims in Canada Anti-Islamic sentiment a
  growing concern (2015)
• 9 minutes 02 seconds
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vaZBof59aMGI

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ISLAMOPHOBIA IN CANADA

• Muslims in Canada Facing Extreme Racism (Muslims
  in Quebec)
• 2 minutes 43 seconds
• Watch on your own
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vvNvuI1ThZEQ

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XENOPHOBIA

• Xenophobia typically used to denote an
  unreasoned phobic attitude/fear towards
  foreigners or strangers, or even of the unknown.
• Racism in general is described as a form of
  xenophobia.

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XENOPHOBIA

• Xenophobia can manifest itself in many ways
  involving the relations and perceptions of an
  ingroup (majority) towards an outgroup (minority)
  and can also be exhibited in a way where a
  particular culture is ascribed an unreal,
  stereotyped and exotic quality.

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IMMIGRATION AND RACISM TODAY

• When immigrants come to Canada today we complain
  that they do not speak English, that they are not
  assimilating, that the city is being taken over
  by them, that they are taking all our jobs, that
  they . . .
• What is all this about?!

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IMMIGRATION MYTHS ACTIVITY

• In this activity we will deconstruct the common
  myths about immigrants and the process of
  immigration.
• You will confront the lies/myths that are the
  foundation of bigotry toward immigrants.

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IMMIGRATION MYTHS ACTIVITY

• Bigotry the state of mind of a bigot someone
  who, as a result of their prejudices, treats
  other people with hatred, contempt, or
  intolerance on the basis of a person's ethnicity,
  religion, national origin, gender, sexual
  orientation, disability, socioeconomic status, or
  other characteristics.

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Slamming Bigoted Questions

• People of color are often asked, "What kind of
  ____ are you?" in relation to their ethnicity.
  It's quite a different question than "Where are
  you from?"
• Example A Korean-American is asked which country
  in Asia they're from. Or they're asked, "What
  kind of Asian are you?"

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Slamming Bigoted Questions

• Doesn't that kind of sound like someone is asking
  what brand they are? Even if it doesn't to you,
  it's quite a loaded question one that Alex Dang
  ponders below.
• Alex Dang - "What Kind of Asian Are You?" (NPS
  2013)
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vVoP0ox_Jw_w

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IMMIGRATION MYTHS ACTIVITY

• There are seven workstations around the room each
  with its own immigration myth.
• Each station has a sheet of poster paper and each
  group will have their own coloured marker to use
  and move around the stations with.
• On smaller sheet of paper is that stations
  immigration myth.

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IMMIGRATION MYTHS ACTIVITY INSTRUCTIONS

• All groups will move to all seven tables.
• Begin by going to the workstation that matches
  your groups number (i.e. 1, 3, 6).
• With your group, hypothesize why that myth is not
  accurate/not true.

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IMMIGRATION MYTHS ACTIVITY INSTRUCTIONS

• Record your thoughts on the chart paper for each
  of the 3 sections - where does it come from? who
  benefits? why is it untrue? - (see additional
  handout).
• Have one person record your responses on the
  chart paper for the group (you may also share
  this task).

134
IMMIGRATION MYTHS ACTIVITY INSTRUCTIONS

• Remain at this first work station until you are
  provided with instructions to move.
• Once you have moved and are at a new station,
  provide feedback on what the previous groups
  answered and expand upon their responses with
  your groups thoughts.

135
IMMIGRATION MYTHS ACTIVITY INSTRUCTIONS

• Repeat these steps for the next workstations
  until you have an opportunity to offer feedback
  on all the myths.
• Finally, return to your original groups
  workstation to see what your class members had to
  say or add.

136
IMMIGRATION MYTHS ACTIVITY INSTRUCTIONS

• Do you agree with the feedback? Why or why not?
  Discuss with your group.
• Share with the class why your immigration myth is
  not true/dispel the myth for us refer to all
  the information the chart paper.

137
IMMIGRATION MYTHS ACTIVITY INSTRUCTIONS

• Also be prepared to respond to this question
• What have you learned about immigration, myths,
  and stereotypes?

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TO DO Read your Course Pack
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3 MAIN FORMS OF RACISM IN CANADA

• Cultural Racism Ethnocentrism
• Institutional Racism
• Individual Racism

141
3 FORMS OF RACISM

• Cultural Racism Ethnocentrism
• Institutional Racism
• Individual Racism

142
CULTURAL RACISM

• Ethnocentrism the belief that ones culture,
  beliefs, and/or racialized/cultural group are
  better than others.

143
CULTURAL RACISM

• Us and Them or We and They mentality
  where ones own racial group is considered to be
  better than other groups the other group
  literally becomes the Other/Othered.

144
CULTURAL RACISM

• The Other The Other and "Otherness" refers to
  that which is alien and divergent from the norm,
  the majoritys identity, or the self.
• The Other is the minority, the them/they, the
  marginalized, the discriminated.

145
CULTURAL RACISM

• Cultural Racism relies on cultural differences
  rather than on biological markers of racial
  superiority or inferiority.
• The cultural differences can be real, imagined,
  or constructed.

146
CULTURAL RACISM

• Culture, rather than biology, has become a
  popular, political, and scientific explanatory
  framework for understanding and rationalizing the
  unequal status and treatment of various racial
  groups.
• Racialized groups are not burdened or blessed by
  their genetic traits but by their cultural
  traits.

147
CULTURAL RACISM

• When the Europeans encountered Native North
  Americans it was inconceivable to them that
  Natives were their equals.
• As well, it was believed that non-Europeans would
  want to be like them. . . superior.

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3 FORMS OF RACISM

• Cultural Racism Ethnocentrism
• Institutional Racism
• Individual Racism

150
INSTITUTIONAL RACISM

• Institutional Racism The process by which
  organizational practices and procedures are used
  to either directly or indirectly discriminate
  against Others.
• Rules, procedures, rewards and practices that
  have the intent or effect of excluding Others.

151
INSTITUTIONAL RACISM

• Examples include
• Differential admission policy of Jewish students
  at McGill.
• Black individuals were regularly excluded from
  entry into theatres and restaurants.
• Aboriginal peoples denied jobs and education.

152
EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMIC DISCRIMINATION IN
EMPLOYMENTAND/OR SERVICE DELIVERY

• Credentialism
• Non-valid tests
• Lengthy experience requirements
• Non-job-related qualifications
• Unnecessary physical requirements
• Lack of access
• Language barriers
• Inadequate knowledge of traditions and values

153
INSTITUTIONAL RACISM

• Institutional Racism also includes laws and
  practices that segregated minorities, from equal
  participation in Canadian society (until the
  1960s).
• Bill of Rights August 10, 1960 protection of
  human rights.
• Charter of Rights and Freedoms 1982.

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3 FORMS OF RACISM

• Cultural Racism Ethnocentrism
• Institutional Racism
• Individual Racism

156
INDIVIDUAL RACISM

• Individual Racism The attitude, belief or
  opinion that ones own racial group has superior
  values and customs.
• Includes personal attacks on others who are
  perceived as culturally or biologically inferior.

157
INDIVIDUAL RACISM

• Polite racism is racism that is thinly veiled
  by seemingly harmless compliments which are
  really more like insults
• Im not racist but . . .
• Her parents do not mind that she is friends with
  black people
• That Native person is not an alcoholic

158
INDIVIDUAL RACISM POLITE???

• Most racism in Canada is considered to be
  polite racism
• No racist comments are shared openly with others,
  derogatory comments instead are made in private.
• Attempt to disguise a dislike of others through a
  non-prejudicial appearance.

159
INDIVIDUAL RACISM POLITE???

• Evident when turned down for jobs, promotions or
  accommodations told job is full when its not.
• More sophisticated type of racism but serves
  the same purpose to control, exploit and exclude
  others.

160
RACISM HATE

• Racial violence against individuals by groups
  with deep racial beliefs are found in many
  Canadian cities.
• The following is a list of White
  Supremacist/Neo-Nazi (Skinheads) Groups in
  Canada

161
RACISM HATE

• Aryan Guard/Aryan Resistance Movement (ARM)
• Canadian Heritage Alliance
• Heritage Front
• Immigration Watch Canada
• National-Socialist Party of Canada

162
RACISM HATE

• Northern Hammerskins
• Final Solution Skins
• Tri-City Skins
• Western Canada for Us
• Western Guard Party
• Holocaust Denial Group (Ernst Zundel (a Neo-
  Nazi) was one of Canadas most prolific Holocaust
  deniers in jail)

163
HATE GROUPS IN CANADA

• Racist Skinhead groups (aka White Supremacists)
  Individuals from hate groups such as the
  Northern Hammerskins, the Final Solution Skins,
  the Aryan Resistance Movement (ARM), have been
  responsible for assaults, gay-bashing, and murder
  in Canada.

164
RACISM HATE

• Hate Group an organized group or movement that
  advocates and practices hatred, hostility, or
  violence towards members of a racialized group,
  ethnic group, religion, gender, sexual
  orientation or other designated sector of
  society.

165
Hate in London, ON
166
Skinheads

• This group believes that the white race is
  superior and are prepared to transform society
  along white supremacy lines.
• Believe White is right!

167
MORE HATE GROUPS IN CANADA

• Christian Identity Movement a movement of many
  extremely conservative Christian churches and
  religious organizations, extreme right wing
  political groups and survival groups (i.e. KKK).
• For more see the reading Facing Hate in Canada
  (CRRF) (see our website or me for a copy)

168
RACIST BELIEFS TODAY

• Henry (1978)
• First to measure racist attitudes in Canada.
• 16 of whites are considered extremely racist,
• 35 are somewhat racist.

169
RACIST BELIEFS TODAY

• Focus Canada Survey (1998)
• 10-20 are strongly racist.
• 13 of Canadians would exclude non-White groups
  from immigrating.
• 7 would not vote for a Black political candidate.

170
RACIST BELIEFS TODAY

• Association for Canadian Studies and the Canadian
  Race Relations Foundation (2010 2013)
• Read the article (in your course pack) Canadians
  hearing, seeing racism Poll by Elizabeth
  Thompson.

171
ARE WE REALLY A MULTICULTURAL COUNTRY?

• Decima Research, October 1993
• 1200 respondents
• 75 rejected the concept that Canada is a
  cultural mosaic
• 72 believed that different racial and ethnic
  groups should adapt to Canadian society
• 41 think that Canada lets too many people
  from different cultures and races into
  Canada

172
HOW DO RACIAL MINORITIES FEEL?

• Toronto (2000)
• 80 of Black, 63 of Chinese and 62 of
  East-Indian Canadians felt that they had
  experienced racial prejudice towards them.
• 73 of Blacks, 48 of Chinese and 47 of
  East-Indian Canadians felt they had been racially
  discriminated against in obtaining a job.

173
IPSOS-REID SURVEY 2005

• 1 in 6 Canadians say they have been the victim of
  racism.
• Approximately one in ten (7 or 1,680,000
  Canadian adults) would not welcome people from
  another race as next-door neighbours.

174
IPSOS-REID SURVEY 2005

• 13 (3,120,000 Canadians) would never marry or
  have a relationship with someone of another race.
• 15 (3,360,000 Canadians) say skin colour makes
  a difference in their workplace.

175

• In 2005 which group did Canadians feel are the
  most likely to be targeted in their community
  with racist acts?
• Muslims/Arabs

176

• MyExperienceWithRacism, Canadians share stories
  - Your Community
• http//www.cbc.ca/newsblogs/yourcommunity/2014/11/
  myexperiencewithracism-canadians-share-their-stori
  es-with-cbcca.html

177

• Sodo you think racism is a serious problem in
  Canadian society?
• Why or why not? Explain.
• Discuss.

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TO DO Read your Course Pack
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The Theory Perspectives
181
OPPRESSION

• Oppression refers to the injustices and
  disadvantages some individuals or groups suffer
  as a consequence of intentional or unintentional
  practices within a society.
• Oppression can take many forms including, but not
  limited to, exploitation, marginalization,
  powerlessness, cultural imperialism, economic
  imperialism, and violence.

182
HOW DOES THE CYCLE OPPRESSION OPERATE IN TERMS OF
RACE/RACISM?
183
THE CYCLE OF OPPRESSION

• 1. A difference is identified or noticed
  (prejudice)
• 2. A negative experience or negative charge
  occurs (reaffirms prejudice)
• 3. This experience is then generalized to
  encompass the whole group or class (stereotype)

184
THE CYCLE OF OPPRESSION

• 4. The generalization is reinforced by media,
  friends, family and/or institutions (reaffirms
  stereotype)
• 5. The reinforcement justifies unjust treatment
  (discrimination)
• 6. This treatment is then often institutionalized
  and oppresses the group (systemic discrimination)

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THE CYCLE OF OPPRESSION

• Handout Cycle of Oppression Diagram and
  Guidelines.
• Discuss in small groups the cycle of oppression
  in terms of race that is, how does the cycle
  of oppression operate/manifest it self in terms
  of racialization/racism?

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FEMINIST AND ANTI-RACIST THEORY

• Gendered racism interactive effect of racism
  and sexism in exploiting Indigenous and women
  and/or visible minorities.

189
FEMINIST AND ANTI-RACIST THEORY

• Intersectional Theorizing (Intersectionality) a
  move toward an understanding of the myriad of
  ways in which oppressions are linked (e.g. wages
  of women of colour vs. White women).

190
CONFLICT THEORY

• Conflict Theory emphasizes the role of
  coercion and power in producing social order
  (feminist theory, queer theory, anti-racist
  theory, intersectionality).
• In Conflict Theory power is the most important
  explanatory variable

191
CONFLICT THEORY

• The use power to maintain ones position at the
  expense of others is the fundamental cause of
  social problems such as racism.
• I.e. Indian Act, Africville, Chinese Exclusion,
  Continuous Passage Law, etc.

192
CONFLICT THEORY

• Power the real or perceived ability or
  potential to make choices and to bring about
  significant change in a society or in peoples
  lives.
• Power can be based on a dominance of gender, age,
  racialization or ethnicity, sexual orientation,
  mental or physical ability, socioeconomic class,
  geography, etc.

193
CONFLICT THEORY

• Power can also be conferred on an individual by a
  group, and can be used for the benefit of others.
  
• An inequity of power is one of the most common
  causes of social injustice.

194
CONFLICT THEORY

• Groups that have clashing interests compete with
  each other therefore, producing winners and
  losers
• Conflicts benefit the winners at the expense of
  the losers.
• The winners interests and beliefs are strengthen
  while the losers beliefs are abused.

195
POWER IS THE MOST IMPORTANT EXPLANATORY VARIABLE
when considering INEQUALITY and INJUSTICE
196
TO DO Read your Course Pack
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The Effects of and Solutions for Racism?
199
SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF RACISM

• Racism is exacerbated by gender for women of
  minority groups.
• Minority groups are disproportionately poor and,
  when employed, face discrimination in the
  workplace.

200
SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF RACISM

• Minorities are also over-represented in the
  criminal justice system as both perpetrators and
  victims.
• In Canada, the social problems resulting from
  exclusion, discrimination, and prejudice are most
  evident among Aboriginal peoples.

201
HEALTH EFFECTS

• Lives of disadvantaged groups are characterized
  by premature death and extended periods of
  chronic illness.
• Institutional racism forces visible minorities
  into low-paying jobs, unemployment, and poverty.
  This creates economic hardship with adverse
  health consequences.

202
HEALTH EFFECTS

• Cultural variations such as dietary and exercise
  habits, and alcohol and cigarette use, also
  affect the health of those in ethnic groups.
• Due to racism and language barriers, minorities
  often experience difficulties in accessing health
  care.

203
SOLUTIONS?

• For reduction of inequalities
• Conflict Theory Political action.
• Feminists and Anti-racist Feminists Critical
  analysis from the standpoints intersections and
  experiences of people action.

204
SOLUTIONS?

• Need for increased education and the enforcement
  of non-discriminatory government legislation
  (i.e. Employment Equity Act and Charter of Rights
  and Freedoms).
• The need to raise awareness and take action!

205
ANTI-RACISM

• Anti-racism is a perspective aimed at eradicating
  racism in all its various forms.

Systemic discrimination
stereotyping
prejudice
racism
206
RAISING AWARENESS TAKING ACTION
207
AWARENESS ACTION

• Since 1966, March 21st has been recognized as the
  International Day for the Elimination of Racial
  Discrimination by the United Nations.
• Initiated in response for the need to increase
  awareness of the harmful effects of racism.
• Canadian youth have spoken out theres no room
  for racism in their lives youth are the voice
  of the future.

208
Racism. Stop it! National Video Competition

• Every year students across the country are
  challenged to create a one-minute video that
  expresses their feelings about racism.
• https//www.youtube.com/user/march21mars

209
2008 Winner of Racism. Stop it! National Video
Competition

• It Takes Only OneGander Collegiate, Gander,
  Newfoundland
• Watch on your own
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vpITLqPxlZZ4listPL
  4E17C73CFD93D986

210
TAKING ACTIONA Recent Event

• Maenam and the use of the term kaffir on menu.
• Kaffir is an deeply offensive racial slur, akin
  to the N-word.
• Emailed and educated . . . the response was
  incredibly positive . . . a great social justice
  teachable moment.

211
TAKING ACTIONA Recent Event

• Dear Maenam,
• Having frequented your establishment on numerous
  occasions I realized that your menu uses the term
  "kaffir".  Please read the following articles,
  inform your staff, and consider removing this
  term from you hardcopy and online menus.  I
  encourage you to use the term makrut lime or
  another acceptable name.  Thank you for taking
  the time.
• Sincerely, an offended patron, Melanie Scheuer

212
TAKING ACTIONA Recent Event

• http//www.cbc.ca/news/canada/common-lime-name-has
  -racist-history-1.2698863
• http//www.vancouversun.com/life/Kaffirlimetaint
  edwithsourtasteracism/9964313/story.html

213
TAKING ACTIONA Recent Event

• Hi Melanie!
• Thank you so much for bringing this to our
  attention. This is news to us and our use of the
  term was obviously never intended to offend. Will
  encourage use of the new term 'makrut' among
  staff and will definitely make the necessary
  changes on our menu.
• Sincere apologies, Kristi, Restaurant Manager 

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216
WHAT IS AN ALLY?

• An ally is a member of the agent social group who
  takes a stand against social injustice directed
  at target groups (Whites who speak out against
  racism, men who are anti-sexist/pro-feminist).
• An ally works to be an agent of social change
  rather than an agent of oppression.

217
WHAT IS AN ALLY?

• When a form of oppression has multiple target
  groups, as do racism, ableism, heterosexism and
  faithism, target group members can be allies to
  other targeted social groups they are not part of
  (e.g. lesbians can be allies to bisexual people,
  African Canadians can be allies to Aboriginal
  Peoples, Jewish people can be allies to Muslims).

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219
Supporting Social Border Crossing Assignment

• Photographs may tell a story or make a statement
  about a greater concept or ideal.
• Sometimes photographers use the subjects in a
  photo to convey a message.

220
Supporting Social Border Crossing Activity

• For this activity you will be able to
• recognize and interpret the message in a
  photograph
• analyze the subject(s) in a photograph
• think about what it means to be inclusive
• explore the concept of diversity

221
Supporting Social Border Crossing Activity

• Essential Questions
• How can photographs be used to illustrate a
  concept or ideal?
• How can the subject of a photograph help reveal
  the photographers point of view on a topic? 
• See Additional Handout

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TO DO Read your Course Pack
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225
DISCUSSION QUESTIONSINSTRUCTIONS

• In pairs or individually, discuss and address
  thoroughly the following questions (see handout).

226
FUTURE TO DO UNPACK

• We will delve into White Privilege in the days
  ahead when we unpack our invisible knapsacks.

227
TO DO Read your Course Pack