Age of Imperialism

1
Age of Imperialism

• Western hegemony and its impact

2
British India
3
Motives

• Nationalist Competition
• Britain not only wants India for herself, but
  also wants to keep it out of French hands
• Industrial Goods and Markets
• India is rich in raw materials (e.g. cotton) that
  are critical to British factories
• Indias huge population can become a market to
  sell finished goods too (e.g. textiles)

4
Keys to Conquest

• Division on the Subcontinent
• Political No one centralized group strong
  enough British play one side off the other
• Religious Hindu-Muslim split
• Native Support
• Sepoys
• Case Study Battle of Plassey

5
Imperial Administration

• British Raj
• Presidencies Madras, Calcutta, Bombay
• Princely States
• Viceroy of India
• CCOT
• East India Company (nabobs) to the British Raj

6
Reaction and Resistance

• Sepoy Mutiny (1857)
• Sparked by an ammunition controversy, Hindu and
  Muslim sepoys rebelled
• Huge number of states revolted, only put down by
  the British with much time and trouble
• Indian Nationalism
• Ram Mohun Roy
• Indian National Congress and the Muslim League

7
Impacts

• Jewel in the Crown
• Wealth derived from India makes it the
  centerpiece of the global British Empire
• Westernization in India
• European values, education, and technology are
  spread in India
• Abolition of sati Ease of Hindu-Muslim tensions
• British exploitation and Indian suffering
• Economic British destroy native industry and
  place punishing taxes on farmers
• Political Indians lack basic legal rights and
  are forbidden from any significant role in
  government

8
Southeast Asia
9
Motives

• Ports
• Access to goods (e.g. spices) and trade routes of
  the Asian sea trading network
• Plantations
• Control farms growing tropical fruits with
  coerced labor
• Scramble Effect
• Nationalist competition between groups like
  England and France leads them to grab what
  territories they can

10
Keys to Conquest

• Military Technology
• Not just firearms, but also heavily armed naval
  vessels that could strike coastal areas with
  impunity

11
Imperial Administration

• Case Study French Indochina
• Direct Rule French governor-general rules over
  entire region from capital of Hanoi by coercion
  of local rulers
• Assimilation French Catholics active in
  missionary activities, and French officials
  encourage upper class Vietnamese to adopt French
  culture

12
Reaction and Resistance

• Case Study Siam (Thailand)
• Thai King Mongkut imports British teacher (Anna
  Leonowens) to tutor his son
• Prince Chulalongkorn eventually abolishes slavery
  in his domains
• Significance
• Westernization
• Buffer Zone Siam one of only a few countries
  to escape European domination in this period

13
Impacts

• Westernization
• Catholicism in Vietnam, Abolition of slavery in
  Siam
• Social and Economic Problems
• Restructuring of economy around European demands
  (e.g. cash crops grown instead of food)
• Abuse of natives (coerced labor, deaths from
  colonial wars, impoverishment of lower classes)

14
AfricaThe Dark Continent
15
Motives

• Economic Trade and Industry
• Desire for raw materials or other important
  products for Europe
• Examples Nigeria palm oil, Congo rubber
• Religious
• Christian missionaries more active on Africa than
  probably any other imperialized region
• Scramble Effect
• European nations carve up Africa into territories
  by establishing rules for domination of the
  continent
• Berlin Conference (1884-85)

16
Keys to Conquest

• Weapons
• Repeating rifles and Maxim guns used with deadly
  efficiency
• Example Maji Maji Rebellion
• Quinine
• Chemical provides Europeans with some basic
  protection against malaria, though it still took
  a devastating toll

17
Imperial Administration

• Case Study French West Africa
• Direct French Governor General in Dakar,
  Senegal, overseas administration of lieutenant
  governor for each of the 8 colonies
• Assimilation French language and dress
  encouraged for all inhabitants
• Case Study British Nigeria
• Indirect Conquered rulers submit to British High
  Commissioner, but are still in charge of ruling
  their people
• Question Does every Nigerian group have a ruler?
  So what do the British have to do?

18
Reaction and Resistance

• West Africa
• Samori Toures guerilla resistance
• South Africa
• Battle of Isandhlwana (Chapter Intro Story)
• Ethiopia
• Defeat of Italians in Battle of Adowa allows it
  to remain only independent African state (Note on
  Liberia)

19
Impacts

• Additions
• Modernization Western technology introduced into
  Sub-Saharan Africa
• Trade African products (not slaves!) now in
  demand by world market
• Religion Christianity adopted by many and begins
  to have a large cultural impact
• Problems
• Death Colonial wars and abuses of people kill
  millions
• Economic African economies become dependent on
  Europe and are taken advantage of
• Loss of culture Local languages displaced by
  European tongues, for example

20
Pacific
21
Motives

• Ports
• Trade Refueling stations on the way to China and
  Japan
• Military Assert influence on Asia
• Plantations
• Tropical products
• Example Sugar and Pineapples from Hawaii
• Pride
• Manifest Destiny Americans meant to spread
  freedom by conquering others

22
Keys to Success

• See SE Asia

23
Imperial Administration

• Case Study Hawaii
• American settlement and the Dole Corporation
• Queen Liliuokalani
• Republic of Hawaii
• Annexation by the United States (1898)
• Case Study Philippines
• Spanish American War (1898)
• Philippine-American War (1899-1902)
• Territorial Rule

24
Resistance

• Philippine American War (1899-1902)
• Emilio Aguinaldos guerilla movement
• American counter-insurgency
• Thought question What does this sound like?

25
Impacts

• Westernization
• Example Tim Tebow in the Philippines
• Long Term Political Control
• Hawaii becomes and American state, many other
  areas still U.S. possessions
• Problems
• See Africa