Title: Introduction to Literary Criticism
1Introduction to Literary Criticism
2- Can you read this mans mind?
3 4 5The old way
- This was the old way of reading.
- Authors were seen sole proprietors of the meaning
of their writing. - Readers take it at face value.
6Romanticism centered on the artist and creative
genius text was indebted to previous writers and
ideas The power of the natural world
7Romanticism centered on the artist and creative
genius text was indebted to previous writers and
ideas The power of the natural world
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9Realism Art should replicate the world around us.
Literature represents the times it is written
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12Modernism Overturn traditional modes of
representation and express the new sensibilities
of their time. The Artist as savior. "irrationalit
y at the roots of a supposedly rational world
Michel-André Bossy
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16Postmodernism Resist definition or
classification The artist is impotent, and the
only recourse against "ruin" is to play within
the chaos. Death of the author.
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21Literary Criticism and Theory
- Any piece of text can be read with a number of
different sets of glasses, meaning you are
looking for different things within the text. -
- Literary Criticism helps readers understand a
text in relation to the author, culture, and
other texts.
22The Most Common Critical Stances for Literature
- Formalistic
- Biographical
- Historical/Cultural
- Psychological
- Archetypical
- Feminist or Gender
- Deconstructionist
- Marxist
23What is theory?
- Interdisciplinary
- Speculative
- Thinking about
- thinking
24The Author is Dead
- The reader's role
- active agent who
- imparts "real existence
- to the work and
- completes its meaning
- through interpretation
25Questioning?
- Dispute common sense meanings
- Literary theory suggests that we cannot know what
the writer had in mind. - The text holds no truths
- Instead there are various ways of reading a text
and interpreting a text. - Be suspicious of that which we find natural.
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27Formalist Criticism
- A formalist (aka New Criticism) reading of a text
focuses on symbol, metaphor, imagery, and so on. - Formalism ignores the authors biography and
focuses only on the interaction of literary
elements within the text. - Its what you do
- most often in
- English literature.
28A Formalist Reading of The Three Little Pigs
- What does the wolf symbolize?
- Notice the consonance of Ill huff and Ill
puff - How does the story foreshadow the final fate of
the pigs? - What does the wolfs dialogue tell us about his
character?
29 Marxist
- Capitalism is a social
- system based on the principle
- of individual rights.
- means of production are
- privately owned
- Key points
- exploitation of an entire class
- of society by another
- the ruling class controls the means of
- production
- Subjectification of working class
30Questions Marxist theorists ask
- Whom does it benefit if the work or effort is
accepted/successful/believed, etc.? - What is the social class of the author?
- Which class does the work claim to represent?
- What values does it reinforce?
- What values does it subvert?
- What conflict can be seen between the values the
work champions and those it portrays? - What social classes do the characters represent?
- How do characters from different classes interact
or conflict?
31The Hunger Games
- What are some of examples you could use to
support a Marxist argument?
32Psychological Criticism
- Psychological critical theory applies the
theories of psychology to a text to better
understand its characters - Based largely on Freud, this theory hinges on the
belief that an examination of peoples
(characters) unconscious desires.
33Psychological Criticism
- Drives governing human behaviour
- Id the animal nature that says, Do what feels
good. - Ego the reality-based part of your personality
that makes decisions to satisfy the Id and
Superego - Superego the socialized conscience that tells
you whats right or fair
34Psychological Criticism
- Oedipus Complex Every boy has the unconscious
desire to have sex with their mother
consequently, sons are deeply afraid of their
fathers, and fathers are deeply threatened by
their sons. - Elektra Complex Every daughter has the
unconscious desire to have sex with their father
consequently, daughters are deeply afraid of
their mothers, and mothers are deeply threatened
by their daughters.
35Psychological Criticism
- Of course, these complexes have their origins in
literature and mythology. - Psychological criticism is a way to understand
characters, not diagnose them.
36Questions Psycho-analytical theorists ask
- How do the operations of repression structure or
inform the work? - Are there any oedipal dynamics - or any other
family dynamics - are work here? - How can characters' behavior, narrative events,
and/or images be explained in terms of
psychoanalytic concepts of any kind (for
example...fear or fascination with death,
sexuality - which includes love and romance as
well as sexual behavior - as a primary indicator
of psychological identity or the operations of
ego-id-superego)? - What does the work suggest about the
psychological being of its author? - What might a given interpretation of a literary
work suggest about the psychological motives of
the reader? - Are there prominent words in the piece that could
have different or hidden meanings? Could there be
a subconscious reason for the author using these
"problem words"?
37A Psychological Reading of Macbeth
- Macbeth kills King Duncan because he
unconsciously recognizes the king as a
father-figure. Hence, Duncan is a rival for power
and the affections of the people. - In the latter acts of the play, Macbeth has
indulged his id so often that his ego has lost
the ability to restrain it.
38Archetypical Criticism
- This stance is not about mythology.
- It is about the universal elements of human life
common in all cultures. - Like ancient mythology, all literature is a
window to creating meaning for human life. - In other words, stories make us feel like our
lives are more significant.
39Archetypical Criticism
- Central to the Archetypical theory is the concept
of archetypes. - Simply put, archetypes those universal elements
present in the literature of all cultures.
40Archetypical Criticism
- Common Archetypes
- The Hero Beowulf, Spiderman, Luke Skywalker,
Braveheart - The Outcast Macbeths clown, Grendel, Cain
- The Quest LOTR, Star Wars, Beowulf
- Sacrificial King Jesus, The Lion the Witch and
the Wardrobe, LOTR - Evil Personified Wicked Witch of the West, the
Devil, the Emperor in SW, the Borg
41Archetypical Criticism
- The goal of Archetypical Criticism seeks to
understand how the story constructs meaning in
the human existence through archetypes. - For example, note the ways texts have examined
betrayal.
42A Archetypical Reading of Beowulf
- Beowulf is the archetypal hero because his
bravery and righteous behavior embodies the
ideals and hopes of Anglo-Saxon society. - Grendel, the outsider, represents both the alien
invaders of neighboring, warring tribes and the
threat of supernatural monsters, which, as
pagans, the Anglo-Saxons truly believed existed.
43Gender Criticism
- Gender criticism analyzes literature through the
lens of socially-constructed gender roles. - The largest part of gender criticism is feminism,
which critiques and seeks to correct womens
subordination to men in society. - In its purist form, feminism is about equality.
44Feminism
- Belief in the social, political, and economic
equality of the sexes. - An example of a
- marginalized groups
- attempt to re-appropriate
- meaning.
45- Concerned with the
- ways in which literature
- reinforce or undermine
- the economic, political,
- social, and psychological
- oppression of women
- inherently patriarchal
46- Patriarchal ideology is the primary means by
which women are politically, economically,
psychologically or socially oppressed. - Women as other she is marginalized, defined
only by her difference from male norms and values - All of western (Anglo-European) civilization is
deeply rooted in patriarchal ideology, for
example, in the biblical portrayal of Eve as the
origin of sin in the world. - Biology determines our sex (male or female)
culture determines our gender (masculine or
feminine
47Questions Feminist theorists ask
- How is the relationship between men and women
portrayed? - What are the power relationships between men and
women (or characters assuming male/female roles)? - How are male and female roles defined?
- What constitutes masculinity and femininity?
- How do characters embody these traits?
- Do characters take on traits from opposite
genders? How so? How does this change others
reactions to them? - What does the work reveal about the operations
(economically, politically, socially, or
psychologically) of patriarchy? - What does the work imply about the possibilities
of sisterhood as a mode of resisting patriarchy? - What does the history of the work's reception by
the public and by the critics tell us about the
operation of patriarchy? - What role the work play in terms of women's
literary history and literary tradition? (Tyson)
48A Feminist Reading of Goldilocks
- As a single, young woman, Goldilocks finds
herself without means or opportunity because she
is unattached to a father or a husband. Perhaps,
this is why shes alone in the woods. - An independent woman,
- then, is a threat to the
- normal nuclear family,
- represented by the
- three bears.
49Gender Criticism Queer Theory
- A newer segment of gender criticism is queer
theory, which looks for the influence of
homosexuality within texts. - Research of this type is fairly difficult
because, as youve learned, homosexuality was
largely suppressed in Europe and America, and it
hasnt been openly discussed until the last few
decades.
50Gender Studies/Queer Theory
- What elements of the text can be perceived as
being masculine (active, powerful) and feminine
(passive, marginalized) and how do the characters
support these traditional roles? - What sort of support (if any) is given to
elements or characters who question the
masculine/feminine binary? What happens to those
elements/characters? - What elements in the text exist in the middle,
between the perceived masculine/feminine binary?
In other words, what elements exhibit traits of
both (bisexual)? - What are the politics (ideological agendas) of
specific gay, lesbian, or queer works, and how
are those politics revealed in...the work's
thematic content or portrayals of its characters? - What does the work contribute to our knowledge of
queer, gay, or lesbian experience and history,
including literary history? - How is queer, gay, or lesbian experience coded in
texts that are by writers who are apparently
homosexual? - What does the work reveal about the operations
(socially, politically, psychologically)
homophobic? - How does the literary text illustrate the
problems of sexuality and sexual "identity?
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52More Literary Theory
- New ways of viewing literature (and the world)
continue to develop, but these are the main
theories youll come in contact with.