Skeletal,%20Muscular,%20and%20Integumentary%20Systems

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Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems

• Chapter 36 Biology II

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The Skeleton

• Supports the body
• Protects internal organs
• Provides for movement
• Stores mineral reserves
• Provides a site for blood cell formation
• Humans have 206 bones!!!

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The Axial Skeleton

• Supports the central axis of the body
• Skull, vertebral column and rib cage

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The Appendicular Skeleton

• Arms and legs, pelvis and shoulder area

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Structure of Bones

• Solid networks of living cells and protein fibers
• Surrounded by deposits of calcium salts

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Periosteum

• Tough layer of connective tissue surrounding a
  bone

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Haversian Canal

• One of a network of tubes running through compact
  bone that contains blood vessels and nerves

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Bone Marrow

• Soft tissue inside cavities within bones
• Yellow Marrow
• Fat cells
• Red Marrow
• Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

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Development of Bones

• Skeleton of a newborn baby is almost entirely
  cartilage
• Cartilage strong connective tissue that supports
  the body and is softer and more flexible than
  bone does not contain blood vessels

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Ossification

• Process of bone formation, during which cartilage
  is replaced by bone

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Joint

• A place where one bone attaches to another bone

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Types of Joints

• Immovable/Fixed Joints skull bones
• Slightly movable bones of lower leg, between
  adjacent vertebrae
• Freely movable movement in one or more
  directions

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Freely Moveable Joints

• Ball-and-socket circular movement
• Hinge back and forth movement

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Freely Moveable Joints

• Pivot rotation of one bone around another
• Saddle one bone can slide in two directions

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Structure of Freely Movable Joints

• Ligament strip of tough connective tissue in a
  joint that holds bones together

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Structure of Freely Movable Joints

• Synovial fluid a substance which forms a thin
  film within the bone surfaces of a joint
• Enables the ends of the bones to slip past each
  other more smoothly

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Structure of Freely Movable Joints

• Bursae small sacs of synovial fluid that form in
  some freely-movable joints
• Reduce the friction between bones of a joint and
  act as a tiny shock absorber
• Bursitis inflammation of bursa too much fluid
  fills the bursa, causing painful swellingmore
  serious ? arthritis

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The Muscle System

• A skeleton cannot move by itself!

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The Muscle System

• Muscles provide the forces that put the body into
  motion
• More than 40 of the mass of the average human
  body is muscle

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Types of Muscle

• Skeletal attached to bones, responsible for
  voluntary movements
• Smooth responsible for most involuntary
  movements
• Cardiac found in the heart

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Muscle Contraction

• Myofibrils small structures that make up the
  muscle fibers in skeletal muscles
• Myosin protein that makes up the thick filaments
  in striations in skeletal muscle cells

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Muscle Contraction

• Actin a protein that mainly makes up the thin
  filaments in striations in skeletal muscle cells
• A muscle contracts when the actin filaments slide
  over the myosin filaments
• Energy for muscle contraction is supplied by ATP

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Muscle Contraction
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