PLANT NOTES

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PLANT NOTES
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Characteristics

• Photosynthesis
• Contain the green pigment chlorophyll
• Producer because can make their own food
• Photosynthesis Equation
• Carbon Dioxide Water ------?Oxygen Glucose
• Respiration
• Oxygen Glucose ------? Carbon Dioxide Water

sunlight
energy
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• Cuticle-waxy layer that coats most of the
  surfaces of plants
• Keeps plants from drying out

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Characteristics

• Cell wall-surrounded by to keep plants upright
• Carbohydrates and proteins make up the hard
  material
• Support and protect the plant
• Reproduction
• Two stages in their life cycle
• Sporophyte plants make spores
• Gametophyte new plants

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Classification ONE

• Nonvascular Plants-lack specialized conducting
  tissues and true roots, stems, and leaves
• Examples Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

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Two

• Seedless Vascular Plants
• Examples Ferns, horsetails, club mosses

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Three

• Vascular Plants, WITH seeds, Nonflowering
• Gymnosperms-a woody vascular seed plant whose
  seeds are not enclosed by an ovary or fruit
• Examples Pine Trees

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Four

• Vascular Plants WITH seeds, flowering
• Angiosperm- a flowering plant that produces seeds
  within a fruit
• Examples Lily

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The ORIGIN of Plants

• Some scientists think green algae and plants
  share a common ancestor.

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NONVASCULAR PLANTS

• Grow on soil, the bark of trees, and rocks
• Do not have true stems, roots, or leaves

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Mosses

• Rhizoid-is a root like structure that holds
  nonvascular plants in place
• Helps plants get water and nutrients

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Liverworts and Hornworts

• Usually live in damp places

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Importance of Nonvascular Plants

• Usually the first plants to live in a new
  environment
• When they die, form a thin layer of soil
• Animals may eat nonvascular plants or use for
  nesting material
• Peat moss-used in potting soil
• Dead peat moss can be used as fuel

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SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS

• Used to grow very tall (not anymore)

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Vascular Tissues

• Xylem transports water and minerals through the
  plant
• Phloem transports food molecules to all parts of
  a plant

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Ferns

• Have a rhizome
• Rhizome is an underground stem from which new
  leaves and roots can grow
• Fern leaves are also known as fronds or
  fiddleheads

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Horsetails Club Mosses

• Stems are hollow and contain silica
• Gives it a gritty texture
• DO have vascular tissue

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Importance of Seedless Vascular Plants

• form soil
• Prevent soil erosion
• Houseplants
• Fiddlehead of ferns can be cooked and eaten
• Horsetails are used in dietary supplements,
  shampoos, and skin-care products

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Importance of Seedless Vascular Plants continued

• Remains that died about 300 million years ago
  formed coal
• Coal is a fossil fuel that humans rely on for
  energy.

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VASCULAR Plants WITH Seeds

• Characteristics
• Produce seeds
• Contains xylem and phloem
• Seed nourish and protect young sporophytes
• Sperm form inside pollen
• Pollen can be transported by wind or by animal
• Most common plants on Earth today
• Considered to be a gymnosperm or angiosperm

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Seed Structure

1. Sporophyte young plant
2. Cotyledon seed leaves in plants (stored food)
3. Seed Coat surround and protect the young plant

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Advantage

• Young plant is able to use the stored food
• Can be spread more efficiently by animals

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GYMNOSPERMS

• Characteristics
• Seed plants that do NOT have flowers or fruits
• Seeds are protected by a cone

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Groups of Gymnosperms

• Conifers
• 2. Ginkgoes

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Groups of Gymnosperms

1. Cycads
2. Gnetophytes

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Importance

• People use conifer wood for building material and
  paper products
• Pine trees produce resin
• Resin is used to make soap, turpentine, paint,
  and ink
• Used to produce anticancer drugs, anti-allergy
  drugs
• Popular in gardens and parks

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Life Cycle

• Conifer- cone-bearing
• Pollen contain sperm (male)
• Female gametophyte produces eggs
• Wind carries pollen
• Pollination-transfer of pollen from the male
  cones to the female cones

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ANGIOSPERMS

• Characteristics
• Produce flowers and fruits
• Most abundant plants today
• Flowers help angiosperms reproduce
• Flowers attract animals (insects)
• Fruits surround and protect seeds

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Importance

• Provide many land animals with food
• Major food crops for people, for example corn,
  wheat, rice
• Used for building materials, make clothing and
  rope
• Flowering plants are also used to make medicines,
  rubber, and perfume oils

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CLASSES

• Monocots
• Dicots

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MONOCOT

• Cotyledon one
• Vascular arrangement scattered
• Leaf veins parallel
• Flower parts multiples of 3
• Roots fibrous
• Examples grass, orchids, onion, lilies

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Dicot

• Cotyledon two
• Vascular arrangement ring
• Leaf veins branching
• Flower parts multiples of 4 or 5
• Roots taproot
• Examples rose, cactus, sunflower, peanuts, peas

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Function of Roots

1. Supply plants with water and dissolved minerals
   from the soil
2. Holds the plants securely in the soil
3. Store surplus food made during photosynthesis

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Root Systems

• Taproot - one main root
• Fibrous has several roots that spread out from
  the base of the plants stem

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Function of Stems

• Support the plant
• -leaves are arranged to get sunlight for
  photosynthesis
• -hold up flowers
• Transport materials between the root system and
  the shoot system
• -xylem and phloem
• Some store materials

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Types of Stems

• Herbaceous stems soft, thin, and flexible
• Woody stems rigid stems

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LEAVES

• Function
• Make food for the plant
• Chloroplasts capture energy from the sunlight

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Structure of a Leaf

• Stomata tiny openings in the epidermis that let
  carbon dioxide enter the leaves
• Guard Cells open and close the stomata

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Flower PARTS

• Sepals modified leaves that make up the
  outermost ring of the flower and protect the bud.
• Petals one of the ring or rings of the usually
  brightly colored, leaf-shaped parts of a flower.
• -attract insects or other animals to the flower.

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3. STAMEN

• -male reproductive structures of the flower
• Filament
• Anther produce pollen

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4. PISTIL

• female reproductive structures
• -usually found in the center of the flower
• -stigma-tip of the pistil, where pollen collects
• -style-long, slender part of the pistil
• -ovary-produces eggs in ovule

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IMPORTANCE

• Flowers help plants reproduce
• Some can be eaten, used to make tea
• Used in perfumes, lotions, and shampoos