Plant Unit Notes

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Plant Unit Notes
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1-Vascular Plant Characteristics

• For plants to survive on land, they must have
  ways to obtain water and other materials from
  their surroundings.
• They must be able to retain water, transport
  materials throughout the plant, support their
  bodies, and reproduce successfully.

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• Most plants live on land.
• Most plants have a waxy waterproof layer covering
  their leaves called a cuticle.
• The cuticle helps keep water inside the plant
  cell rather than let it evaporate into the air.

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• Some plants have vascular tissue, an internal
  system of tubelike structures through which food
  and water move inside the plant.
• The vascular tissue also strengthens and supports
  the large bodies of plants.

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• All plants undergo sexual reproduction that
  involves fertilization.
• Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell unites
  with an egg cell.
• The fertilized egg is called a zygote.

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• Plants have complex life cycles that are made up
  of 2 different stages.
• In one stage, the sporophyte, the plant produces
  spores, which grow into new organisms.
• The spore develops into the second stage, the
  gametophyte.

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• The gametophyte stage produces gametes.
• Gametes are sperm cells and egg cells.
• Vocabulary1-7
• Cuticle, vascular tissue, fertilization
• zygote, sporophyte, gametophyte, gamete

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Section 2 notes-Moss/Nonvascular

• Mosses are a type of nonvascular plant.
• Some other nonvascular plants are liverworts and
  hornwarts.
• All nonvascular plants are low-growing plants
  that lack vascular tissue.

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• These small low-growing plants have only their
  rigid cell walls for support.
• They do not have complex systems to transport
  water, nutrients, and food through their bodies.
• Nonvascular plants can only pass these materials
  from one cell to the next.

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• Nonvascular plants must live in places with
  enough moisture for them to survive and
  reproduce.
• The familiar green, fuzzy part of the moss is the
  gametophyte.
• The sporophyte generation grows out of the
  gametophyte.

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• The sporophyte has a slender stalk with a
  capsule at the end.
• The capsule contains spores.
• Thin rootlike structures called rhizoids anchor
  the moss and absorb water and nutrients from the
  soil.

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• Sphagnum moss is a type of moss that grows in a
  wetland called a bog.
• The bog water is so acidic that the plants do not
  decompose when they die, instead they pile up at
  the bottom.
• Over time, the mosses become compressed into
  layers and form peat.

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• Peat is used as a fuel to heat homes and cook
  food in Europe and Asia.
• Vocabulary 8-11
• Nonvascular plant, rhizoid, bog, peat

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Section 3 notes-Ferns/Seedless Vascular

• Ferns and their relatives share 2 major
  characteristics.
• They have vascular tissue and use spores to
  reproduce.
• Vascular plants are much more suited to life on
  land than mosses.

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• Ferns, club mosses, and horsetails need to grow
  in moist surroundings because they produce
  spores.
• These spores grow into gametophytes, which then
  produce egg cells and sperm cells, they need
  water for fertilization to occur.

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• The leaves of ferns are called fronds.
• The frond has the sporophyte stage, tiny spore
  cases on the underside of the mature leaf.
• The spores will develop into a tiny gametophyte
  if it lands on moist, shaded soil.

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• The developing uncurled leaves of the fern are
  called fiddleheads.
• There are few club mosses and horsetails today.
• They have true leaves, like the ferns, and a
  similar life cycle.

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• The ferns, club mosses and horsetails are all
  considered seedless vascular plants because they
  produce spores to reproduce, not seeds.
• Vocabulary 12,13
• Frond,fiddlehead

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4-Seed Plants

• All seed plants share 2 characteristics.
• They have vascular tissue and use seeds to
  reproduce.
• They all have body plans that include leaves,
  stems, and roots.

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• Water, food, and nutrients are transported
  throughout the plants vascular tissue.
• Phloem- vascular tissue through which food moves.
• When food is made in the leaves, it enters the
  phloem and travels to the stems and roots.

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• Xylem-water and nutrients travel in this vascular
  tissue from the soil.
• Seeds are structures that contain a young plant
  inside a protective covering.
• Seeds have 3 parts- embryo, stored food, seed
  coat

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• The young plant that develops from the zygote, or
  fertilized egg, is called the embryo and has the
  beginnings of roots, stems and leaves
• in some plants food is stored inside 1 or 2 seed
  leaves, called cotyledon.

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• The outer covering of a seed is called the seed
  coat.
• Germination is the early growth stage of the
  embryo.
• Germination begins when the seed absorbs water
  from the environment
• Germination continues as the embryo uses its
  stored food to begin to grow.

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• stoma open and close to control when gases enter
  and leave the leaf.
• The process by which water evaporates from the
  stomata in a plants leaves is called
  transpiration.

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• The stem carries substances between the plants
  roots and leaves.
• The stem also provides support for the plant and
  holds up the leaves so they are exposed to the
  sun.

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• Inside the stem is a layer of cells called the
  cambium.
• The cells of the cambium divide to produce new
  phloem and xylem and to increase the stems
  width.

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• Roots anchor a plant in the ground and absorb
  water and nutrients from the soil.
• The tip of the root is rounded and is covered by
  a root cap.
• The root cap protects the root from injury from
  rocks as the root grows through the soil.

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• Vocabulary14-22
• Transpiration, cambium, root cap, Phloem, xylem,
  seed, embryo, cotyledon, germination

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5-Gymnosperm/Angiosperms

• A gymnosperm is a seed plant that produces naked
  seeds, seeds that have no protective covering.
• All gymnosperms produce naked seeds.
• Many gymnosperms have needlelike or scalelike
  leaves and deep-growing root systems.

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• Gymnosperms are classified into 4 groups-cycads,
  ginkgo, gametophytes, conifers.
• Most reproduce with cones.
• Two types of cones male and female
• male cones produce tiny grains of pollen which
  contain microscopic cells that later become sperm
  cells.

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• Female cones contain at least 1 ovule at the base
  of each scale, it contains an ed cell.
• After being fertilized, the ovule develops into a
  seed.
• The cone closes and seals in pollen.
• To reproduce pollen falls from a male cone onto a
  female cone.

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• In time a sperms cell and egg cell join together
  in an ovule on the female cone.
• The transfer of pollen from a male to a female
  cone or structure is called pollination.
• Conifers produce many useful products like paper
  and the lumber to build homes.

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• The rayon fibers in clothes are also from
  conifers.
• Conifers are grown in large forests.
• Clear cutting is one method to obtain lumber,
  when all the trees in a large area of forest are
  cut down.

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• This practice can destroy animals homes and
  cause the soil to be washed away by rains.

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Angiosperms

• An angiosperm is a plant that produces seeds
  that are enclosed in a fruit.
• Seeds develop in a protective structure called an
  ovary.

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• The ovary is located within an angiosperms
  flower.
• 2 characteristics that all angiosperms share all
  produce flowers and fruits.
• Not all flowers appear the same.
• Some flowers do not have petals, colorful
  structures that you see when flowers open.

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• The flower bud is enclosed by leaflike structures
  called sepals that protect the flower.
• Within the petals are the male and female
  reproductive parts.
• Thin stalks topped by small knobs inside the
  flower are stamen, this is the male part.
• The stalk is called the filament.

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• The knob at the end of the filament is the
  anther, this is where the pollen is produced.
• The pistil is the female part, usually found in
  the center of the flower.
• The sticky tip of the pistil is called the stigma.

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• A slender tube down the center of the pistil is
  called the style, connecting the stigma to the
  ovary.
• The ovary contains 1 or more ovules.
• In reproduction pollen falls on a stigma, over
  time the sperm and egg cell join together in the
  ovule.

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• The zygote develops into the embryo part of the
  seed.
• As the seed develops, the ovary changes and
  eventually becomes a fruit, a ripened ovary.
• Angiosperms divide into 2 groups monocots and
  dicots

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• Monocots
• 1 seed leaf,cotyledon
• parallel veins
• scattered bundles in veins
• flower parts in threes
• grasses, corn, wheat,rice, lilies, tulips

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• Dicots
• 2 seed leaves, cotyledons
• branching veins
• circle of veins
• flower parts in fours or fives
• roses, violets, dandelions

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• Vocabulary23-36
• Gymnosperm, cones, pollen, ovule, pollination
• Angiosperm, ovary, flower, petal, sepal, stamen,
  pistil, monocot, dicot

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Section 6- Plant Growth

• A plants growth response toward or away from a
  stimulus is called a tropism.
• Touch, light, gravity are important stimuli to
  which plants respond.

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• Hormones produced by a plant are chemicals that
  affect how the plant grows and develops.
• Plant hormones control tropisms germination
  forming flowers, stems, and leaves shedding of
  leaves development of and ripening of fruit.

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• Auxin is an important plant hormone that speeds
  up the rate at which a plants cells grow.
• Auxin controls a plants response to light by
  making some cells grow faster than others so the
  plant bends toward the light.

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• Flowering plants that flower and die in the same
  year are called annuals.
• Ex marigolds, petunias, pansies, wheat,
  tomatoes, cucumbers.
• Flowering plants that live 2 years are biennials.
• Ex parsley, celery

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• plants that live for more than 2 years are
  perennials.
• Ex oak trees and honeysuckle
• Vocabulary 36-40
• Tropism, auxin, annual, biennial, perennials