Manifest Destiny

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Western Expansion

• Manifest Destiny
• Impact on Sectional Tensions

2
Essential Questions

• What is Manifest Destiny?
• How are areas added to the US?
• What is the impact of the addition of these
  territories on sectionalism and on the political
  parties?

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Manifest Destiny

• Young America Movement City on a Hill
• Both idealistic and imperialistic
• Political ideals democracy, white mans
  suffrage, freedom
• Economic ideals white mans opportunity, free
  enterprise, laissez faire capitalism
• Social ideals egalitarianism, social mobility,
  Anglo Saxon racism

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Manifest Destiny

• First coined by newspaper editor, John
  OSullivan in 1845.

• ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over
  spread and to possess the whole of the
  continent which Providence has given us for
  the development of the great experiment of
  liberty and federaltive development of
  self-government entrusted to us. It is right such
  as that of the tree to the space of air and the
  earth suitable for the full expansion of its
  principle and destiny of growth."

• A myth of the West as a land of romance and
  adventure emerged.

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Gast American Progress
6
Diplomacy Patterns Continue

• Bully
• Adams Onis

• Compromise
• Rush Bagot
• Commission of 1818
• 1824 Treaty w/ Russia

7
Webster-Ashburton Treaty

• Aroostok War 1839
• Cause The expulsion of Canadian lumberjacks in
  the disputed area of Aroostook by Maine
  officials.
• State declared war
• Congress called up 50,000 men
• Scott arranged compromise
• Land in Maine exchanged for that in Minnesota

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Maine Boundary Settlement, 1842
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Connections Key Trails West
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Key Trails

• Santa Fe trade w/ Mexico
• Overland Oregon and California
• Oregon Americans
• Trail experiences
• Roles
• Environment
• Isolation
• tribes

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Texas Revolution

• Austin and Americans 1820s migration to N.
  Mexico
• No slavery, RC no enforcement
• Home Rule 1830s changes
• Enforcement limited immigration
• Santa Anna dictator
• 1836 Revolution
• Alamo ---Goliad ----San Jacinto
• Annexation blocked sectionalism, Mexico

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The War
13
Election of 1844

• Polk expansionist position
• Re-annexation (Texas)
• Re-occupation (Oregon)
• Deep water ports Asian trade
• 1845 Tyler accomplished annexation through a
  joint resolution
• Almost two front war

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Overland Immigration to the West

• Between 1840 and 1860, more than250,000 people
  made the trekwestward.

15
The Oregon Trail Albert Bierstadt, 1869
16
The Oregon Dispute 54 40º or Fight!

• By the mid-1840s,Oregon Fever wasspurred on
  by thepromise of free land.

17
Oregon Treaty 1846

• 54 40 or Fight
• Compromise
• 49th parallel border
• Puget Sound to US
• Vancouver Island to BR
• Columbia River joint navigation for a time

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Mexican American War 1846

• Issue conflict over disputed territory
  California deep water ports
• Polk sought war lucky incident
• Whig opposition
• Spot Resolution Lincoln
• Civil disobedience - Thoreau
• War easily accomplished objective difficult to
  achieve peace

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The Mexican War (1846-1848)
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Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848
Nicholas Trist,American Negotiator
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The Mexican Cession
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago

• Mexican Cession to US
• 15 million to Mexico assume 3 million in debt
• Rio Grande border
• US citizenship for residents of the territory
• Gadsden Purchase - 1853

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Wilmot Proviso

• Heightened sectionalism
• Proposed no slavery in territory acquired from
  Mexico and no free blacks in the territory
• Protect white mans opportunity

24
Calhoun and Emerson

• Mexico is to us the forbidden fruit, the penalty
  of eating it would be political death. John C.
  Calhoun
• Mexico to us is poison Ralph Waldo Emerson

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Significance of the War

• Large amount of new territory
• Ports and natural resources gained
• War experience --- Civil War impact
• Racism and tension between Mexico and the US
• War heroes
• Increase in sectional tensions access to land
  critical for N S
• Manifest destiny tied to extension of slavery
  destabilized the political system

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New Meaning of Race

• Anglo-Saxon Race superiority of white
  American culture
• Race tied to religion, class, ethnicity/culture,
  color and birth place
• Impact loss for Hispanic citizens, no rights
  for Asians, Indian culture and land taken (CA)
  some ocal variation EX . TX/NM
  Spanish/Mexican
• Land, legal rights, opportunity limited (Foreign
  Miners Tax)

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Additional Treaties

• Tr. Of Wangshia 1844
• Four ports opened extraterritoriality
• Tr. Of Tientsin 1858
• 11 ports trade and travel in China
• Tr. Of Kanagawa 1854
• Consulate, visits, fair treatment of castaways
  ---- Harris Convention1858 five ports opened

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Clayton Bulwer Treaty

• Neutral canal, build together
• Renounced control Central America
• Walker and Nicaragua

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American Expansionism 1850s
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Territorial Growth to 1853
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Westward the Course of Empire Leutze, 1860
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Election of 1848

• Foreshadowed problems inability of the 2APPS to
  deal with sectionalism
• Free Soil Party only clear position no slavery
  in the territories Van Buren
• Democrats popular sovereignty Cass
• Whigs no clear position - Taylor

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Free Soil Party

• Free Soil! Free Speech!
  Free Labor! Free Men!

• Barnburners discontented northern Democrats.
• Anti-slave members of the Liberty and Whig
  Parties.
• Opposition to the extension of slavery in the new
  territories!

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The 1848 Presidential Election Results
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Compromise of 1850

• Clay Webster compromise for unity
• Calhoun S must have legal access to the
  territories to preserve the union two
  presidents N S veto power
• 7 month debate deadlocked Omnibus Bill

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Passage

• Douglas broke into parts
• Passed but w/o commitment to the overall bill
• Taylor threatened a veto ---died
• Nashville Convention rejected secession but
  conditional unionism Georgia Platform based on
  enforcement of Fugitive Slave Law

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The Compromise

• Stricter Fugitive Slave Law most controversial
  aspect (Ableman v Booth) S now wants federal
  power to enforce contradiction to states rights
  ideas
• No slave trade in Washington DC
• California entered as free state
• Utah and NM territories popular sovereignty
• TX debt assumed in return for land to New Mexico
  Territory

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The Compromise Map
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Western Societies

• Farming shaped region imitative of eastern
  culture, more open opportunity
• 1849 Gold Rush Mining frontier
• Boom towns, rapid growth
• Real benefits to developers
• Multiculturalism - Chinese

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Tensions

• Religion Mormons and Deseret
• Hispanic Rancheros loss of land
• Chinese and Mexicans struggle for opportunity
• Native Peoples Sioux moving frontier

41
New West Historians

• Continuity parallels the process from earlier
  periods
• Convergence - multicultural, multiracial,
  multidirectional, intersecting
• Conquest seizure of land and resources
  competition - colonial
• Complexity many layers of understanding and
  interpretation various points of view

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Internal Expansion Northern Society

• Material growth and development
• Telegraph
• Railroads
• Improvements in manufacturing and agricultural
• Increase in volume and range of internal trade
• Mass immigration

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Railroads

• 30,000 m by 1860
• New financing
• Loans state and local
• Land grants - federal

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Immigration - Opportunity

• 1820- 1840 700,000
• 1840 -1860 4.2 million3 million arrived
  1845-1855
• Greatest influx in proportion to population
• 1.5 million Irish 1 million German
• 66,000 Chinese

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Impact on cities

• Overcrowding, poverty, disease, crime
• Segregated by social class
• Ethnic neighborhood and self help groups (Five
  Points )
• Political parties and civic celebrations unify
  cauldrons of democracy

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New Working Class Wage Labor (wage slavery)

• Immigrants replaced young unmarried native born
  women (most still women) 61.7
• Decreased paternalism impersonal worker as
  machine or part - response
• Tardiness drunkenness, absence, loafing
• Increase in labor militancy race and ethnicity
  divided