Bell Ringer:

1
Bell Ringer

• Based on what you already know about the
  influences of Geography on people and the
  development of civilizations, be prepared to
  discuss how the following geographic features
  influence civilizations
• Rivers
• Fertile Land
• Mountains

2
Classical Greece

• Chapter 5

3
Culturesof theMountains and the Sea

• Section 1
• p. 111-114

4
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5
Geography Shapes Greek Life

• Greece is mountainous peninsula in the
  Mediterranean
• 1400 Islands in the Aegean and Ionian Seas
• The Greeks had also annexed islands off the west
  coast of Anatolia

6
Rugged mountains prevented unity
7
The Sea

• The Greeks rarely traveled more than 85 miles
  from the coastline
• Important trade routes were the Aegean, Ionian,
  and Black Seas
• Sea travel and trade were important because
  Greece lacked natural resources

8
The Greek World
9
The Land

• 3/4th of Greece is covered with mountains
• This made unification of Greece difficult
• Greece developed small, independent communities
  (city-states)

10
The Land

• Uneven terrain made land travel difficult
• Sparta was only 60 miles from Olympia, but travel
  there took seven days.

11
The Land

• Only 20 of the land was arable suitable for
  farming
• Without large-scale agriculture, Greece was never
  able to support a large population.

12
The Land

• The Greek diet was based on staple crops like
  grains, grapes, and olives
• The desire for more living space and land for
  grazing animals led the Greeks to seek sites for
  colonies

13
The Climate

• Temperatures ranges from 48º in the winter to 80º
  in the summer
• The climate supported an outdoor life for the
  Greeks
• Men spent time at outdoor public events and met
  to discuss politics, news and civic life

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15
Exit Ticket

• Write a paragraph (at least 5 Sentences)
  answering the following question
• How did the geographic characteristics of Greece
  influence that civilization?

16
Mycenaean Civilization Develops

• They were a group of Indo-European migrants
• They settled on the Greek mainland around 2000 BC
• Their name came from their leading city, Mycenae

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Mycenae

• Built on a steep rocky ridge
• 20 ft thick fortified walls
• Mycenaean warrior-kings controlled the area from
  towns like Tiryns and Athens
• 1600-1200 BC

19
Culture and Trade

• While their nobles led a life of splendor, most
  people worked as farmers. Others were weavers,
  goat herders, or stonemasons

20
Invasion of Crete

• Mycenaean warrior-kings invaded Crete
• Minoan culture had thrived there for over 600
  years
• Mycenaeans preserved some elements of Minoan
  culture
• They adapted the Minoan writing system to the
  Greek language

21
Mycenaean Vases with Minoan Designs
22
Greek Culture

• Minoan legends formed the core of Greek religious
  practice, art, politics, and literature
• Western civilization has roots in early Greek
  civilizations

23
The Trojan War

• Fought between Mycenaeans (Greeks) and Trojans
• Lasted ten years
• Legend says the war started because a Trojan name
  Paris had kidnapped Helen, the beautiful wife of
  a Greek king

24
The Judgment of Paris
25
"Beware of Greeks bearing gifts"
26
Heinrich Schliemann

• German archaeologist
• Northwestern Turkey 1870
• Found the remains of a nine layers of city life
• One of the layers suggested that the stories of
  the Trojan war may have been based on real
  cities, people, and events

27
Golden Mask of Agamemnon (?)

• Found at Mycenae by Heinrich Schliemann in 1873

28
Manfred Korfmann

• German historian
• Found a cemetery near the site of ancient Troy
• He believed the war was fought over control of a
  crucial waterway in the Aegean Sea

29
Issue Control of trade routes
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31
Greek Culture Declines Under the Dorians

• Mycenae collapsed after the Trojan War
• Sea raiders attacked and burned Mycenae around
  1200 BC
• The Dorians moved into the war-torn countryside

32
The Dorians

• Less advanced than the Mycenaean Greeks
• The economy collapsed
• Trade came to a standstill

33
The Dark Age of Ancient Greece

• Greeks appear to have lost the art of writing
  during the Dorian Age
• 400 year period with no written records
• 1150 BC to 750 BC
• Without written records, little is known about
  this period of decline

34
Epics of Homer

• Stories passed down by oral tradition
• Blind storyteller
• The Iliad about the Trojan War
• The Odyssey about the return home of Odysseus
  after the war

35
The Iliad

• Greek hero - Achilles
• Trojan hero Hector

36
Arete

• The Greek ideal of virtue and excellence
• Could be displayed on the battlefield or in
  athletic events

37
The Odyssey

• Odysseus uses his wits and trickery to defeat the
  Trojans

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39
Penelope Weaves a Tapestry
40
Greeks Create Myths

• Traditional stories about their gods
• Used to explain the mysteries of nature and the
  power of human passions
• Greek gods display human qualities

41
Greek Gods

• They are jealous, they love and hate
• They are immortal
• Chief god Zeus
• Hera, his wife is often jealous of his
  relationships with other women
• Athena (goddess of wisdom) daughter and
  favorite child of Zeus

42
Olympus in winter
43
Zeus

• In Greek mythology Zeus is the "Father of Gods
  and men", who ruled the Olympians of Mount
  Olympus as a father ruled the family he was the
  god of sky and thunder in Greek mythology.

44
Athens

• Athena was thought to be the guardian of cities
• Athens was built in her honor

45
Photo of Athens
46
Warring City-States

• Section 2
• p. 115-119

47
Rule and Order in Greek City-States

• The polis was the fundamental political unit in
  ancient Greece
• Most city-states controlled between 50 and 500
  square miles of land
• Often fewer than 20,000 residents

48
The Agora

• The Agora is the public center of a city-state

49
The Acropolis

• The highest point in elevation in a Greek
  city-state
• Male citizens gathered at the agora or the
  acropolis to conduct business
• Acro High
• Polis City

50
The Acropolis at Athens
51
The Agora at Athens
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53
Greek Political Structures

• Some city states had a monarchy, rule by a king,
  queen, or royal family

54
Greek Political Structures

• Some had an aristocracy, rule by a a small group
  of land-owning wealthy families

55
Greek Political Structures

• Later, newly wealthy merchants who were
  dissatisfied with aristocracy formed a new type
  of government oligarchy, rule by a few powerful
  people
• The idea of representative government began to
  take shape
• The Greeks looked down on foreigners, who they
  considered barbarians

56
A New Kind of Army Emerges

• During the Dorian Age only the rich could afford
  expensive bronze weapons and shields
• Iron is harder and more common than bronze
• Iron weapons are cheaper

57
A New Kind of Army Emerges

• Iron weapons make a new kind of army possible
• Regular citizens were expected to defend the
  polis
• Foot soldiers were called hoplites
• Their fighting formation was called the phalanx

58
The Phalanx

• Became the most powerful fighting force in the
  ancient world

59
Phalanx photo
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61
Tyrants Seize Power

• Powerful individuals called tyrants gained
  control of the government by appealing to the
  poor and discontented
• Different competing groups led to many turnovers
  in control of the government in many city-states

62
Sparta Builds a Military State

• Sparta is isolated in the southern part of Greece
• Unlike other Greek city-states, Sparta built a
  military government

63
Sparta Dominates Messenians

• Sparta conquered Messenia around 725 BC
• The Messenians became helots, peasants forced to
  stay on the land they worked
• Each year the Spartans demanded half of the
  helots yearly crop

64
Helots Revolt

• Around 600 BC the Messenians revolted
• Messenians outnumbered the Spartans eight to one
• The Spartans were barely able to put down the
  revolt
• Spartans then dedicated themselves to creating a
  stronger city-state

65
Spartas Government and Society

• Two groups governed Sparta
• An Assembly all free adult males
• They elected officials and voted on major issues
• A Council of Elders
• Proposed laws on which the assembly voted
• Five elected Ephors carried out the laws passes
  by the Assembly

66
Spartas Military Leaders

• Two kings ruled over Spartas military

67
Spartas Diverse Population

• The ruling families who owned land were descended
  from the original inhabitants of the region
• Free noncitizens worked in commerce and industry
• Helots were considered higher than slaves

68
Spartan Education

• Military training for men began at age seven
• Boys left home and moved into barracks
• Wearing no shoes, they trained and marched during
  the day
• They slept on hard benches at night
• Coarse black porridge at mealtime

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Spartan photo
70
Spartan Education for Girls

• No military training
• They ran, wrestled, and played sports
• Trained to put love for Sparta over that of
  family
• They managed family estates while men served in
  the polis
• They could not vote, but had more rights than
  women in other Greek city-states
• (Athenian women were expected to stay out of
  sight and raise children)

71
Athens Builds a Democracy

• Athens was north of Sparta
• In outlook and values, Athens contrasted sharply
  with Sparta

72
Athens and Sparta
73
Political Developments in Athens

• Athenians avoided the power struggles between
  rich and poor by starting a democracy
• Democracy Rule by the people
• Citizens participated in decision making

74
Democracy in Athens

• Only free adult males counted as citizens and
  were allowed to vote
• Women, slaves, foreigners living in Athens were
  not considered citizens and had few rights
• Slaves made up 1/3rd of the population of Athens

75
Chart comparing Athenian democracy to American
76
Political Changes

• Clashes between aristocrats and common people led
  to changes in Athens
• A failed attempt to establish a tyranny led to
  the formation of a law code
• In 621 BC Draco wrote the first Greek legal code
• It addressed debt slavery, in which poor farmers
  worked as slaves to pay debts

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Draco
78
Draconian

• drey-koh-nee-uh n, druh-
• adjective
• 1.
• of, pertaining to, or characteristic of Draco or
  his code of laws.
• 2.
• ( often lowercase ) rigorous unusually severe
  or cruel Draconian forms of punishment.

79
Solons Political andEconomic Reforms

• Solon was chosen by aristocrats to lead the
  government
• Solon outlawed debt slavery
• Allowed all citizens to participate and debate in
  the Assembly
• Any citizen could bring charges against wrongdoers

80
Solon
81
Solons Political and Economic Reforms

• Trade was encouraged
• Olives and grapes were exported in a profitable
  trade
• Solon neglected land reforms
• By the end of his reign, fighting erupted between
  landowners and the poor

82
Pisistratus

• Seized power in 546 BC after the death of Solon
• He became one of Athens first tyrants
• He appealed to the poor by giving them funds for
  farm equipment
• He gave jobs to the poor and earned their support

83
Reforms of Cleisthenes

• Reorganized the Assembly to break up the power of
  the nobility
• Allowed all citizens to submit laws for debate
• Created the Council of Five Hundred
• They were chosen by lot and proposed laws
• Only 1/5th of Athenians were actual citizens who
  could vote

84
The Persian Wars

• Danger of revolt led to creation of a military
  state in Sparta
• Danger of a revolution led to democracy in Athens
• Danger of invasion by Persians led to cooperation
  between Athens and Sparta

85
The Persian Wars

• Began in Ionia on the coast of Anatolia where
  Greeks had established colonies
• Persians conquered the area in 520 BC
• Athens sent ships to aid the Ionian Greeks

86
Darius

• King of Persia
• Vowed to destroy Athens in revenge for supporting
  Ionia

87
Battle of Marathon

• 490 BC
• Persian fleet carried 25,000 men across the
  Aegean and landed at Marathon
• 10,000 Athenians waited in phalanx formation
• The Greeks charged and defeated the Persians
• 6400 Persians and 192 Athenians were killed

88
Pheidippides

• Although the Greeks won the battle, Athens was
  standing defenseless
• A runner was sent from the battle sight to take
  message back to Athens to not give up the city
  without a fight
• Pheidippides ran the distance, delivered the
  message, then collapsed and died

89
Modern Marathons

• The distance of modern marathons is based on the
  distance between Athens and Marathon

90
Thermopylae and Salamis

• 480 BC
• Xerxes son of Darius tried to crush Greece
• Greeks were divided about what to do
• Some want to unite, others want to abandon the
  Athenians

91
Thermopylae

• A narrow mountain pass
• 7000 Greeks including 300 Spartans blocked the
  Persian army
• The outnumbered Greeks fought for three days
  before a traitor told the Persians about a secret
  path around the cliffs
• The Spartans held the pass while other Greeks
  retreated
• All 300 Spartan soldiers were killed

92
Meanwhile, Back in Athens

• Citizens debate on how to best defend the city
• Themistocles convinces then to evacuate the city
  and fight at sea
• The Greek fleet is positioned in a narrow channel
  at Salamis
• Xerxes sets fire to Athens but cannot block the
  channel at Salamis

93
Greek Victory at Salamis

• Greek ships use battering rams into the hulls of
  Persian ships
• Xerxes watches as 1/3rd of his fleet is sunk
• The remainder of the Persian army is defeated by
  Spartans at the Battle of Plataea in 479 BC

94
Consequences of the Persian Wars

• Threat of Persian takeover ended
• Greeks form an alliance of 140 city-states called
  the Delian League
• The Delian League drove Persians from areas
  around Greece
• Athens used its powerful navy to control the
  other members of the Delian League

95
Consequences of the Persian Wars

• Set the stage for the Golden Age of Athens

96
DemocracyandGreeces Golden Age

• Section 3
• p. 120-125

97
Pericles Three Goals for Athens

• Pericles dominated political life in Athens for
  32 years (461 BC to 429 BC)
• This time is often called the Age of Pericles
• His three goals were..

98
Goal 1. - Stronger Democracy

• Increased the number of paid public officials
• Now, even poor people could afford to serve in
  the government

99
Direct Democracy

• A form of government in which citizens rule
  directly and not through representatives.

100
Athenian and United States Democracy
101
Goal 2 Strengthen the Athenian Empire

• Used money from the Delian League to build
  Athens navy
• A navy was important because it kept the empire
  safe and protected trade
• Overseas trade made Athens prosperous

102
Goal 3 - Glorifying Athens

• Used money from the Delian League to buy gold,
  ivory, and marble.
• More money was used to hire artisans who worked
  for 15 years to build the Parthenon

103
The Parthenon
104
Three Styles of Greek Columns
105
Greek Styles in Art

• The Parthenon is considered the ideal classical
  Greek building

106
The Golden Mean
107
Greek Sculpture

• A statue of Athena was inside the Parthenon
• The statue was 38 feet tall and covered with gold
  and precious gems
• Sculpted by Phidias, Greeces most famous sculptor

108
Greek Sculpture

• Classical Greek statues were graceful, strong,
  and perfectly formed
• Their faces showed neither laughter nor anger,
  only serenity
• Order, balance, and proportion were most
  important. They set the standard for what would
  be called classical art.

109
Greek Drama

• The Greeks invented drama
• Plays were an expression of civic pride and a
  tribute to the gods
• Actors wore masks
• Wealthy citizens paid the costs of producing the
  plays

110
Catharsis
111
Tragedy

• A drama with a tragic hero who faces a dilemma, a
  choice between two negative outcomes
• The hero has a tragic flaw, often hubris, or
  excessive pride.

112
Aeschylus

• Wrote more than 80 plays
• The Oresteia is based on the family of Agamemnon,
  commander of the Greeks during the Trojan War

113
Sophocles

• Wrote about 100 plays
• Oedipus the King
• Antigone

114
Euripides

• Medea

115
Comedy

• Often poked fun at subjects like politics,
  customs, or respected people

116
Aristophanes

• First great comedies for the stage
• The Birds
• Lysistrata
• About the women of Athens forcing their husbands
  to end the Peloponnesian War

117
Spartans and Athenians Go to War

• The two city-states became rivals and leaders in
  both pressed for war

118
Peloponnesian War

• Sparta declared war on Athens in 431 BC
• Athens has a powerful navy, but Sparta could not
  be attacked easily from sea

119
Peloponnesian War Pericles Strategy

• Avoid land battles with the superior Spartan army
• Wait for opportunity to attack Sparta from the sea

120
The Spartans Advance

• Spartans march into Athenian territory and burn
  their food supply
• Pericles brings those who live in the area around
  Athens inside the city walls
• Athens was safe as long as ships could bring
  supplies into the port of Athens

121
Sparta Gains the Edge

• A plague hits Athens in the second year of the
  war
• 1/3rd to 2/3rd of the population (including
  Pericles) were killed by the plague

122
A Second Disaster for Athens

• 415 BC
• Athens sends 27,000 soldiers to destroy the polis
  of Syracuse, an ally of Sparta
• The expedition suffered a loss in 413 BC
• They were totally destroyed
• Athens surrendered nine years later.
• Sparta had won the Peloponnesian War

123
War Brings Political Changes

• After 27 years of war, Athens had lost its empire
• The democracy of Athens was weakened

124
Philosophers Search for Truth

• The term philosopher means lover of wisdom
• Greek philosophy is based on two assumptions
• 1. The world is put together in an orderly way
  and subject to unchanging laws
• 2. people can understand these laws through logic
  and reason

125
Sophists

• Questioned peoples unexamined beliefs and ideas
  about justice and traditional values

126
Protagoras

• Famous Sophist
• Questioned the existence of the traditional Greek
  gods
• Argued that their was no universal truth
• Man is the measure of all things
• His ideas were considered radical and dangerous

127
Socrates

• Criticized the Sophists
• Argued that there are universal standards for
  truth and justice
• He encouraged Greeks to question themselves and
  their moral character
• The unexamined life is not worth living.

128
The Trial of Socrates

• In 399 BC when Socrates was 70 years old he was
  charged with corrupting the youth of Athens and
  neglecting the citys gods
• He was convicted by a jury and sentenced to death
• He was forced to drink hemlock poison

129
Plato

• A student of Socrates
• Wrote down conversations with Socrates
• Around 385 BC, he wrote is most famous work The
  Republic

130
Platos Republic

• Platos vision of a perfectly governed society
• Not a democracy
• Citizens fall into three groups
• Farmers and Artisans
• Warriors
• The Ruling Class
• The person with the greatest insight and
  intellect from the ruling class would be chosen
  philosopher-king

131
Aristotle

• Questioned the nature of the world and human
  belief, thought, and knowledge
• Tried to summarize all of the knowledge of the
  world up to his time
• Invented rules of logic
• Applied logic to psychology, physics, and biology

132
Aristotles Famous Student

• Aristotle worked as a tutor for Alexander, the
  13 year-old son of King Philip of Macedonia
• In 343 BC, Philip was assassinated and Alexander
  became ruler of Macedonia

133
Alexander the GreatEmpire Builder

• Section 4
• p. 128-131

134
Philip II of Macedon

• The Peloponnesian War had weakened both Athens
  and Sparta
• Philip II dreamed of taking over Greece first,
  then Persia

135
Macedonia

• Map of Macedonia

136
Philip Builds Macedonias Power

• Macedonia lies just north of Greece
• Macedonians lived in mountain villages instead of
  city-states
• They considered themselves Greek, but were looked
  upon as uncivilized by the Greeks
• Their shrewd and fearless kings were their
  greatest asset

137
Philips Army

• Philip became king in 359 BC at 23 years old
• He organized his army into phalanxes 16 men
  across and 16 deep
• They used 18-foot pikes to pave the way for
  cavalry strikes through enemy lines
• His army proved to be unbeatable

138
Demosthenes

• Athenian orator
• Tried to warn the Greeks of the threat posed by
  Philip
• He urged the Greeks to unite against the
  Macedonians but they would not agree on policy

139
Battle of Chaeronea

• 338 BC
• Athens and Thebes agree to an alliance against
  Macedon, but it was too late
• Macedonians win the battle
• Philips 18 year-old son Alexander led a cavalry
  charge that helped to win the battle

140
Conquest of Greece

• The Macedonian victory puts an end to Greek
  freedom and independence
• Philip planned to invade Persia next but never
  got the chance
• He was assassinated at his daughters wedding in
  336 BC by a former bodyguard

141
Alexander the Great

• Philips son Alexander had the support of the
  army and proclaimed himself king at 20 years old
• He will become called Alexander the Great

142
Alexander Defeats Persia

• He had learned science, geography, and literature
  from Aristotle.
• He carried a copy of Homers Iliad with him
• He learned to use weapons, ride a horse, and
  command troops as a young man

143
Thebes

• City in central Greece
• Rebelled against Alexander
• He destroyed the city and sold the survivors into
  slavery
• Other Greek city-states gave up the idea of
  rebellion

144
Invasion of Persia

• 334 BC
• Alexander leads 35,000 soldiers across the
  Hellespont into Anatolia
• A Persian army of 40,000 came to defend their
  empire

145
Granicus River

• The two forces meet at the Granicus River
• Alexander led his forces in a offensive attack
  and smashed the Persian defenses

146
Darius Response

• Persians raise an army of between 50,000 and
  75,000 men
• They were determined to crush the Macedonians

147
Battle of Issus

• Alexander realized he was outnumbered at the
  battle
• He surprised the Persians by ordering his troops
  to break through a weak point in the Persian
  lines
• They charged straight at Darius
• Darius fled to avoid capture
• Alexander took control of Anatolia

148
Alexanders Ambitions Grow

• In an attempt to make peace, Darius III offered
  Alexander control of the western part of his
  empire
• Alexander rejected the offer and marched into
  Egypt, a Persian territory
• The Egyptians welcomed Alexander as a liberator

149
Pharaoh Alexander

• While in Egypt, Alexander visited the temple of
  Zeus-Ammon
• He was crowned pharaoh
• He founded the city of Alexandria on the mouth of
  the Nile

150
Conquering the Persian Empire

• Alexander then moved west to Mesopotamia
• Darius assembled 250,000 men
• Persians rode chariots with scythes on the wheels

151
Scythes

• Razor sharp knives or blades

152
Battle of Gaugamela

• Small village on the ruins of ancient Nineveh
• Alexander launched a phalanx attack followed by a
  cavalry charge
• Darius again panicked and fled
• The battle ended Persias power

153
Alexander Takes Persia

• Alexander plundered the cities of Babylon, Susa,
  and Persepolis
• Treasure is divided among Alexanders army
• Persepolis is burned to signal destruction of the
  Persian Empire

154
Alexanders Other Conquests

• Alexander wanted to expand his empire
• He pursued Darius and found him already dead near
  the Caspian Sea
• Darius had been murdered by one of his provincial
  governors
• Over the next three years, Alexander pushed east
  into Asia

155
Alexander in India

• In 327 BC Alexander enters the Indus Valley
• He defeats an Indian army that included 200
  elephants at the Hydaspes River
• After the victory Alexanders soldiers request to
  return home
• A disappointed Alexander agrees

156
Alexander and His Troops

• On the return trip the army crossed a desert
• Some of the men collected water and brought it to
  Alexander
• He poured it out in front of his troops to show
  that he was willing to suffer the same hardships
  they did

157
The Death of Alexander

• 323 BC
• Alexander is back in Babylon
• He announces plans to organize his empire
• One year after his return Alexander becomes ill
  with a fever and dies
• He is one month short of his 33rd birthday

158
Alexanders Legacy

• The empire was divided among Alexanders three
  strongest generals
• Antigonus became king of Macedonia
• Ptolemy became a pharaoh in Egypt
• Seleucus took most of the old Persian Empire.
  (The Seleucid Empire)

159
Alexanders Legacy

• Ended independent Greek city-states
• Alexander adopted Persian dress and married a
  Persian wife
• He included conquered people in his army
• A blend of Macedonian, Greek, Persian, Egyptian,
  and Indian cultures resulted
• This would come to be known as Hellenistic culture

160
The SpreadofHellenistic Culture

• Section 5
• p. 132-135

161
Hellenistic Culture in Alexandria

• After Alexanders death a new culture emerged
• It combined Egyptian, Persian, and Indian
  influences
• This was Hellenistic culture
• The language was Koine

162
Koine

• The popular language spoken in Hellenistic cities
• Koine means common
• It was a dialect of Greek
• It enabled traders all over the Hellenistic world
  to communicate

163
Trade and Cultural Diversity

• Alexandria in Africa was the center of the
  Hellenistic world
• Located in a strategic location on the western
  edge of the Nile
• It grew and prospered from trade
• It became an international community

164
Alexandrias Greatest Attractions

• Broad avenues
• Greek statues
• Royal palaces overlooking the harbor
• The Tomb of Alexander
• 400 ft tall lighthouse known as the Pharos

165
Tomb of Alexander
166
The Museum at Alexandria

• A temple dedicated to the Muses Greek goddesses
  of arts and sciences
• The word museum comes from muse
• Art galleries
• A zoo
• Botanical gardens
• Dining hall

167
The Library at Alexandria

• Half a million papyrus scrolls
• First research library in the world

168
Science and Technology

• Hellenistic scholars preserved Greek and Egyptian
  learning in the sciences
• They provided most of the scientific knowledge
  available in the West until the 16th and 17th
  centuries

169
Astronomy

• The museum contained an observatory
• Astronomers could study the planets and stars

170
Aristarcus of Samos

• Estimated that the sun was 300 times larger than
  the earth
• Proposed that the earth and other planets
  revolved around the sun
• Other astronomers of the day did not agree

171
Ptolemy

• Alexandrias last renowned astronomer
• Incorrectly placed the earth at the center of the
  solar system
• This view was held by astronomers for the next 14
  centuries.

172
Eratosthenes

• Closely calculated the earths true size
• Director of the library at Alexandria
• Used geometry to calculate the earths
  circumference at 24,662 miles
• Today we calculate it to 24,860 miles
• (Within 1 of modern calculations)

173
Mathematics and Physics

• Aristarchus and Eratosthenes used a geometry text
  written by Euclid
• Euclid wrote The Elements
• 465 geometric propositions and proofs
• Still the basis for modern geometry textbooks

174
Pythagorean Theorem

• The square of a right triangles hypotenuse is
  equal to the sum of the squares of the other two
  sides

175
Archimedes

• Estimated the value of pi (p)
• The lever
• The compound pulley
• The Archimedes screw
• Catapult
• Buoyancy

176
Philosophy and Art

• Hellenistic scholars believed that the universe
  followed rational principles
• Two schools of thought developed during the
  Hellenistic period
• Stoicism
• Epicureanism

177
Stoicism

• Founded by Zeno
• A divine power controlled the universe
• People should live in harmony with natural law
• Vices like human desire, power, and wealth should
  be controlled
• Followers focused on things they could control

178
Epicureanism

• Founded by Epicurus
• Universe is composed of atoms and controlled by
  gods who had no interest in humans
• Only objects that the 5 senses could perceive
  were real
• The greatest good and highest pleasure come from
  virtuous conduct and the absence of pain
• Achieve harmony between body and mind

179
Epicurean

• Today the term has come to mean a person devoted
  to pursuing human pleasures
• During his lifetime Epicurus advocated moderation
  in all things

180
Realism in Sculpture

• Rulers, wealthy merchants, and cities all
  purchased statues to honor the gods, commemorate
  heroes, and portray ordinary people
• The largest known Hellenistic statue was the
  Colossus of Rhodes

181
Colossus of Rhodes

• Stood over 100 feet tall
• Toppled by an earthquake

182
Winged Victory of Samothrace
183
Hellenistic Sculpture

• More realistic
• More emotional
• Real people in real situations were carved

184
Hellenistic World in Decline

• By 150 BC the Hellenistic world was in decline
• Rome was growing and gaining in strength
• Greek drama, architecture, sculpture, religion,
  and philosophy were preserved and eventually
  became the core of Western civilization