ANCIENT ROME

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ANCIENT ROME
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ROMAN EARLY DAYS

• GEOGRAPHY -Rome- built on 7 rolling hills at a
  curve on the Tiber River, in the middle of the
  Italian peninsula, near river and sea

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MYTH

• 753 BCE Romulus and Remus twins of the god
  Mars and a Latin Princess-Twins abandoned on
  Tiber River and raised by she-wolf-Twins built a
  city Romulus killed Remus, City named ROME

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REALITY

• -Latins (the first Romans), Greeks, and Etruscans
  originally settled 1000-500 BCE
• -From 750-600 BCE the Italian villages were ruled
  by KINGS
• -during this time, Romans lived in peace
• -600 BCE- ETRUSCANS from N. Italy conquered Rome
• -For 100 years Rome was ruled by Etruscan Kings

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LEGACIES OF ETRUSCANS

• -built city wall
• -built first sewer system
• -Alphabet
• -Moved Rome from small farming town to CITY
  STATE!

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The Etruscans

• -Ordered the construction of Romes 1st temples,
  public centers. The most famous The Roman
  Forum the heart of Roman Political Life
• -The last king of Rome Tarquin the Proud
• -driven from power in 509 BCE
• -harsh tyrant
• -Rome forms a REPUBLIC

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THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

• -509 BCE- The Romans rebelled against the
  Etruscans and form a Republic.
• -Republic controlled by people, no king,
  citizens elect men to make laws Only FREE-BORN
  MALE CITIZENS VOTED

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Two Types of People

• PATRICIANS wealthy landowners
• PLEBEIANS common farmers, artisans, and
  merchants Most of Rome. Could vote but not hold
  important government positions.
• In time.Romes leaders allowed Plebeians to form
  an assembly and elect representatives called
  TRIBUNES these protected Plebeians from unfair
  acts.

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TWELVE TABLES

• -Important victory for Plebeians Written Code of
  Laws
• -Before, laws were interpreted by Patricians
• -451 BCE laws carved in stone and hung around
  Forum
• -SIGNIFICANCE all free citizens had a right to
  protection of the law!

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GOVERNMENT OF ROMAN REPUBLIC

• LEGAL CODE The Twelve Tables a list of rules
  that was the basis of Roman Legal System
• CITIZENSHIP ALL ADULT MALE LANDOWNERS

• In time of crisis, the republic could appoint a
  DICTATOR a leader who had absolute power to make
  laws and command army. Only for 6 months, chosen
  by consuls and elected by senate.

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ROMAN MILITARY

• -Great Importance placed on MILITARY!
• -All those seeking public office must have spent
  10 years in military!
• -All citizens who owned land were to serve!
• -Legions large military units
• -5,000 heavily armed foot soldiers
  (infantry)
• -Group on horseback (Cavalry)
• -Century legions were divided in units of 80 men

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THE PUNIC WARS

• As a Republic Rome has expanded its empire
  through trade and conquest.
• RESULT Rome and CARTHAGE, Romes greatest
  enemy go to WAR!
• PUNIC WARS series of three wars from
  264-146BCE!
• SIGNIFICANCE OF WARS
• -By 70 BCE Rome controlled the West and East
  Mediterranean

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THE REPUBLIC COLLAPSES!

• CAUSES increasing wealth, expanding boundaries,
  discontent within the lower classes, and
  breakdown of military!

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EFFECTS 1 ECONOMIC TURMOIL

• -As the empire grew, so did the wealth of the
  elite
• -1000s of enslaved peoples worked on estates of
  the rich
• -100 BCE 1/3 of population slaves
• -Small farms cannot compete with estate ran by
  slaves
• -Forced to sell land to rich Unemployment
• -Migrated to city creating Urban Poor 1/4 of
  population

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Economic cont

• Tiberius and Gauis Gracchus, 2 brothers, tried to
  help urban poor by asking for the elites estates
  to be limited in size.
• The savage beasts have their.densbut the men
  who bear arms and expose their lives for the
  safety of their country, enjoynothing more than
  the air and the lightand wander from place to
  place with their wives and children. Tiberius
  Gracchus

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• Both brothers became enemies of the senate and
  met violent deaths.
• RESULTS CIVIL WAR between the rich and poor

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2. MILITARY TURMOIL

• -as Republic grew unstable, the military turned
  disloyal
• -generals seized more power for themselves and
  recruited landless poor to fight for them
  promising land

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• -these soldiers fought for their general, not
  Rome
• RESULTS
• -It is now possible for a military leader to TAKE
  OVER by force, andwellone did

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JULIUS CAESAR 60-44 BCE

• 60 BCE Becomes military leader
• -His team Crassus (wealthy) and Pompey (general)
• 59 BCE Elected Consul for next 10 years these 3
  men DOMINATED Rome as a TRIUMVIRATE (group of 3
  rulers)

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• Served as Consul 1 year (term), to remain in
  power
• 58-50BCE appoints himself governor of GAUL
  (France)
• -A military genius, conquered all of Gaul, won
  support of his men

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Caesar cont.

• Caesar gains popularity, Pompey gets jealous,
  becomes his rival!
• Pompey gets senate to orders Caesar to disband
  and come home in 50 BCE.
• Jan. 10, 49 BCE Caesar defies Senate and crosses
  Rubicon River into Italy and marches army towards
  Rome. Pompey flees!

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• Caesars troops crushed Pompeys troops in
  Greece, Asia, Spain Egypt (while there, had a
  little affair with Cleopatra)!
• 46 BCE Caesar returns to Rome with support of
  army and people.
• Senate appoints him DICTATOR!
• 44 BCE named dictator for life

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CAESARS REFORMS

• -absolute ruler
• -granted citizenship to many in provinces
• -expanded Senate
• -Created jobs for poor (Construction)
• -Created colonies for the landless
• -increases soldiers pay
• -improved calendar
• -pressed for honest government
• -planned founding of public libraries
• -gave free grain to extreme poor

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ASSASSINATION

• -Senators feared a loss of their influence,
  considered him a tyrant
• -group of Senators led by Marcus Brutus and Gaius
  Cassius plotted assassination
• -IDES OF MARCH March, 15, 44 BCE stabbed to
  death in Senate Chamber

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RESULTS

• -Civil War
• -2nd Triumvirate OCTAVIAN and MARC ANTONY and
  LEPIDUS

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OCTAVIAN TO AUGUSTUS

• 2nd Triumvirate
• Octavian, Marc Antony, Lepidus
• ALLIANCE ENDS
• Lepidus forced to retire
• Octavian Antony become rivals
• Split empire Octavian West.Antony (w/
  Cleopatra) East

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• TENSION LEADS TO another CIVIL WAR
• Octavian accused Antony of plotting to rule all
  of Rome from Egypt with Cleopatra
• Octavian and Antony fight Battle of Actium 31
  BCE
• Octavian wins, Antony Cleopatra commit suicide

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OCTAVIAN becomes AUGUSTUS

• 1st emperor of Rome
• Glorified Rome
• Civil workers (pulled from Plebeians or former
  slaves) hired to manage affairs of government
  such as tax collection and postal system
  minimizes unemployment but still a problem

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• Senate still functioned, but Augustus has supreme
  power
• Augustus, Romes most capable emperor, created a
  system of government that kept its stability long
  after his death

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ROMAN EMPIRE

• PAX ROMANA Roman Peace
• Rome was at the peak of its power from the
  beginning of Augustus rule in 27 BCE until AD
  180.
• For 207 years peace existed in Rome
• Population grew 60-80 million in empire, 1
  million in Rome
• Advanced road and aqueduct system

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COLOSSEUM

• -The Name Colosseum comes from the Latin word
  meaning GIGANTIC!!
• BUILT AD 72-82
• -Building began under Vespasian, opened by
  Titus, and completed by Domitian.
• -CAPACITY 45,000-50,000 people
• -MATERIALS Stone and concrete
• -SIZE 157 Feet high, 620 feet long
• -80 entrances, central arena, elevators and ramps
  from the cells and animal cages
• -Held events GLADIATOR FIGHTS!!!

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GLADIATORS

• Gladiators were slaves and freemen! Used for
  entertainment!
• Emperors put of GAMES to appease their citizens
  and to show their power!
• -Men and women both were gladiators!
• -fought each other and wild animals lions,
  tigers, elephants, hippos
• -Many animal populations were severely hurt!

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PANTHEON

• Built 118-126 AD by Hadrian
• -Roman Temple built to honor gods
• -Built as a Roman Temple and later used as
  Catholic Church

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THE GOOD, THE BAD, THE UGLY-EMPERORS

• Augustus Caesar
• First Roman Emperor
• Julius Caesars adopted Son
• Changed name from Octavian to Augustus Augustus
  means The Majestic
• Starts the Pax Romana Roman Peace 27 BC to
  180 AD
• Under Pax Romana the Empire is restructured

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• Trade Improved
• End of the Pirates and Bandits
• Roads and Sea Lanes cleared for commerce
• Creates Professional Civil Service
• Creates Program of Public Works Bread and
  Circuses

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THE GOOD

• Trajan -
• Born in Spain
• Conquered Dacia Romania source of gold/Roman
  wealth into 2nd Century
• Building Campaign throughout the Empire
• Trajans Column
• Extends Rome to its greatest extent

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• Hadrian
• Trajans cousin
• Reformed the Civil Service
• Suppressed Jewish Revolt
• Continued Building Program of Trajan
• Hadrians Wall Northern Britain
• Defended borders Strengthened Frontiers

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• Marcus Aurelius
• Last of the Five Good Emperors
• Followed Stoicism Good is determined by the
  state of the soul
• Therefore a virtuous life is VERY important
• Disastrous Campaign Army brings back a plague
  weakening Rome and Europe
• Biggest mistake chose his son to be the Emperor
  instead of someone qualified

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THE BAD

• Caligula
• Insane
• Murdered Senators for their property and wives
• Considered making his horse a Consul
• Demanded to be worshipped as Jupiter

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• Nero
• Made Emperor when 15 years old
• Murdered Wife and Mother
• 64AD FIRE IN ROME
• Half the city destroyed
• He blames Christians
• Persecutions break out Martyr of St. Peter and
  St. Paul
• Rebellion in Gaul
• Commits suicide when rebellion reaches Rome

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• Commodus
• More interested in the gladiatorial games then in
  running the empire
• Once killed an ostrich in the arena and held up
  its head to the Senators
• to show us that he had the same fate in store
  for us Dio Cassius
• Strangled by his wrestling partner

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THE UGLY

• Vespasian
• Crushed the Jewish Rebellion in Palestine
• His son destroyed the city of Jerusalem and the
  Jewish Temple
• Destroys remainder of rebellion at Masada a
  hilltop fortress

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Three Unifying Elements that Preserved the Empire

• Figure of the Emperor
• Civil Servants and City Councils
• The Army
• Disruptive Influence is the Praetorian Guard
• Founded by Augustus
• Begin interfering in politics in 41AD (Claudius)

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LANGUAGE AND LATIN

• About ½ of the words in present-day English come
  from languages other than English!
• Romance Languages
• -Languages that developed from Latin!
• Romans spoke something called Vulgar Latin
• Each area had its owe dialect version of Latin
• These dialects became separate languages
• Such as Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese,
  and Romanian

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Germanic Languages

• -Languages that came from Germanic Tribes
• ENGLAND although part of the Roman Empire,
  England developed its language from the Germanic
  Tribes that invaded them.
• Germanic Languages English, German, Polish,
  Russian, and Scandinavian dialects are just a
  few!
• Americans speak a Germanic Language, not a
  Romance language.

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CHRISTIANITY

• Anno Domini in the year of our lord AD
• Roman Empire spread to Jerusalem in 63 BC. Jews
  felt threatened around 6 to 4 BC, Jews named
  Jesus their savior.
• Christianity began with Jesus Jesus of Nazareth
• JESUS- a Jew, lived during the time of the Roman
  Emperor Augustus
• born in Bethlehem, raised in Nazareth
• His story New Testament of the Bible called the
  GOSPELS written by a group of 12 men called the
  APOSTLES (his disciples or students)

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JESUS LIFE

• -as a young man he was a carpenter
• -at 30 he began public ministry
• -for 3 years he preached and reportedly performed
  miracles

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BELIEFS

• -monotheism
• -Ten Commandments
• -God has a personal relationship with everyone
• -Good treatment to thy neighbor
• -That all who followed Gods wishes would be
  rewarded after death
• His teaching appealed to the poor. Blessed are
  the meek, for they shall inherit the earth

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THE DEATH OF JESUS

• -Jesus popularity threaten Roman and Jewish
  leaders
• -Roman governor, Pontius Pilate accused Jesus of
  defying the power of Rome
• -Jesus sentenced to death by crucifixion
• -After death, his body was placed in a tomb and
  according to the Gospels, 3 days later it was
  gone, and a living Jesus began appearing and
  finally ascended to heaven

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• Because of this.Jesus followers were more
  convinced he was the messiah (savior)..They
  began to call him JESUS CHRIST.
• CHRIST comes from the Greek word Christos meaning
  savior, the word Christianity came from this as
  well.
• SACRED CHRISTIAN HOLIDAYS
• Christmas December 25 celebrate birth of Christ
• Good Friday Jesus death
• Easter Jesus Resurrection

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THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY

• Christianity initially accepted, but as it grew,
  Roman govt saw it as a threat!
• How did it spread so easily?
• -PAX ROMANA 207 years of peace in Rome!
• -made travel and exchange fairly safe
• -COMMON LANGUAGES Latin and Greek, allowed the
  message to be easily understood

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• -PAUL wrote letters called the Epistles to
  groups of believers stressing the Jesus was the
  son of God who died for peoples sins, and that
  Christianity welcomed all converts made it not
  just a local religion!

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JEWISH REBELLION

• 1
• -66 AD Band of Jews rebelled against Rome
• -70 AD Romans storm Jerusalem and burn the Temple
• - All that is left- small portion of
  Western Wall- Holiest
• -1/2 million Jews were killed throughout the
  rebellion

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• 2
• -132 AD In 3 yrs. another ½ million died they
  refused to worship Roman Gods (like Christians),
  didnt want to be under Roman control
• -Religion survived, but Jewish Political State
  did not for 1800 yrs. Until the creation of
  Israel in 1948!
• -Most Jews were forced from homeland into exile
  called DIASPORA

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CAUSES OF THE ROMAN COLLAPSE

• Marcus Aurelius (180 AD) ended Pax Romana.
• Next wave of emperors.completely
• incapable of ruling Rome.

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ROMES ECONOMY FAILS

• Hostile tribes outside boundaries and pirates on
  Mediterranean Sea disrupted trade!
• Reached limit of expansion, could not get new
  resources (gold and silver)
• Desperate for revenue, taxes are raised and coins
  minted not worth their face value

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• INFLATION drop of value of and increase in
  prices
• Agriculture harvest suffer due to overworked
  land and war
• Food shortages and disease spread.

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MILITARY AND POLITICAL TURMOIL

• Soldiers less disciplined and loyal, fight for
  general not Rome.
• Mercenaries foreign soldiers hired to fight, had
  less loyalty to empire
• Citizen loyalty drops, indifference emerges
• Lack of motivated, worthy emperors

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ATTEMPTS AT REFORM

• DIOCLETIAN SPLITS THE EMPIRE
• 284 AD strong willed army empire, limited
  citizens personal freedoms, restored the empire,
  doubled army, fixed priced goods.
• -Presented himself god like preserves emperor
  role and honor

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• Splits Empire
• -EAST Greek Speaking (Greece, Anatolia,
  Syria, Egypt)
• - WEST- Latin Speaking (Italy, Gaul,
  Britain, Spain)
• DIOCLETIAN takes the east! Co-ruler takes West!
• -Diocletian kept overall control
• Retires 305 AD Civil War breaks out 311 AD, 4
  rules fights over Rome!!

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CONSTANTINE MOVES THE CAPITAL

• 312 AD Gains control of Western half
• 324 AD Gains control of entire empire
• 330 AD Moves Capital of Roman Empire from Rome
  to Byzantium Greek City in Anatolia.

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• -SIGNIFICANCE center of power from west to east!
• -soon Byzantium becomes a wonder like Rome
• -CONSTANTINOPLE name changes to honor emperor.
  (City of Constantine)
• After death of Constantine Empire splits again
  West Crumbles, and East survives!!!!

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THE EMPIRE CRUMBLES!!!!

• GERMANIC INVASIONS
• -370 AD Mongol Nomads called HUNS moved into
  regions outside empire forcing Germanic People
  in!
• Romans call invaders BARBARIANS!!!
• 410 AD Tribes overran Rome itself and devastated
  the city!

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ATTILA THE HUN!!!

• -Huns indirectly responsible for Germanic
  Invasion!
• 444 AD Huns became a direct threat- United under
  Attila 100,000 Huns terrorize both halves of
  empire!
• -attack 70 cities (not Constantinople or Rome)
• 453 AD Attila dies, Huns no longer a threat!

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NO MORE ROMAN EMPIRE!!!!

• LAST EMPEROR Romulus Augustulus
• -removed by Germanic Tribes in 476 AD
• FATE OF ROME
• WESTERN PROVINCES
• -Roman power disappeared
• -Tribes from Northern Frontiers of Empire!
• -Had to flee Attila the Hun
• -Attila was forcing Barbarians into Roman Empire
  
• -Attila himself was a direct threat to Rome

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SIGNIFICANCE

• -after collapse of W. Roman Empire, tribes set up
  own independent states.
• EASTERN PROVINCES
• -BYZANTINE EMPIRE!!!!- Flourished for 1000
  years!!!!
• -Emperors ruled from Constantinople
• -Endured until 1453- fell to Ottoman Turks

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LEGACIES OF ROME

• GRECO-ROMAN CULTURE mixing of elements of
  Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman Cultures (classical
  civilization)
• Fine Arts
• Pompeii many preserved
• Learning and Literature
• Virgil Aeneid epic poem about the birth of Rome
• Livy historian

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Legacies cont.

• Language Latin Romance languages
• Architecture
• Colosseum
• Pantheon
• Aqueducts
• Roads