Petaloid Monocots

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Monocots 25 of flowering plants
(11 orders)
Petaloid Monocots
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Poales
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Juncaceae
6-tepals
3-ranked leaves
Leaf sheath open
Stem Solid, Round x-sec.
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Juncus dudleyi
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Juncus balticus
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Luzula, Juncaceae
Note 6 tepals (dull-colored) 6 stamens 3 fused
carpels, 3 stigma lobes
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Cyperaceae
Loss of tepals in male flowers
Fruit Achene
Leaf Sheath Fused
Perigynium
Tepals reduced to bristels in female flowers
3-ranked leaves
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Cyperaceae Carex sp. Note female spiklets
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Male Spikelet
Female Spikelet
Carex viridula
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Male spikelet
The perigynium a modified sac like bract
surrounding the ovary or achene is a feature of
the Cyperaceae. Note stigmas protruding from the
top.
Female Spikelet
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Fig. 5. Silica body morphologies found in the
Poales and Dasypogonaceae. A. Carex intermedia
(Cyperaceae), lateral view of a conical silica
body with tiny spines projecting near the base
(bar 10 µ). B. Abildgaardia monostachya
(Cyperaceae), conical bodies with satellites in
epidermis (bar 10 µ). C. Juncus inflexus
(Juncaceae), silica sand in bundle-sheath cells
(bar 20 µ). D. Juncus arabicus (Juncaceae),
silica sand in vascular bundle-sheath cells (bar
10 µ). E. Thamnochortus floribundus
(Restionaceae), an irregular or granular form of
silica observed in epidermal cells (bar 10 µ).
F. Anthochortus ecklonii (Restionaceae),
spherical silica bodies overlying the
sclerenchymatous bundle sheath (bar 10 µ). G.
Thurnia jenmanii (Thurniaceae), numerous small
spherical/nodular bodies in epidermal cells (bar
10 µ). H. Kingia australis (Dasypogonaceae),
spherical silica bodies with a rugose surface in
epidermal cells (bar 10 µ). J. Dasypogon
bromeliifolius (Dasypogonaceae), epidermal silica
sand (bar 20 µ).
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Poaceae
Special inflorescence flower structure
Ligule present and sheath not fused
2-ranked leaves
Fruit caryopsis
Round x-section hollow stem
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Note dominance of grasslands/savannahs ( ) and
croplands ( ) which are mainly planted in
grasses. Members of the Poaceae dominate the
land surface.
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The grasslands of East Africa.
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The Savannah of East Africa
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Artificial Grass Community
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Braidwood Savannah and Dunes
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Morton Prairie, Illinois
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Most of our prairie has been converted to
cropland.
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Poaceae
Special inflorescence flower structure
Ligule present and sheath not fused
2-ranked leaves
Fruit caryopsis
Round x-section hollow stem
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Poaceae Grass Flowers
Anthers Stigmas (branched and feathery)
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Top Yielding Crops in 1986 and 2001 (data from
FAO)
Crop Yield 1986 Yield 2001 Sugar
Cane 932 1,273 Corn 481 614 Rice 476
595 Wheat 528 587 Potato 309
309 Sugar Beet 286 229 Soybean 95
176 Manioc 137 131 Sweet Potato 110
135 Sorghum 71 60 Banana/Plantains
68 97 Grapes 67 61 Tomatoes
60 65 Oats 48 44
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Wheat caryopsis, germ embryo
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Wheat Seeds - Endosperm and Embryo (Germ)
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Stigmas Anthers
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• Fig. 6. Silica body morphologies found in the
  epidermal cells of Poaceae.
• Aristida setigera, dumbbell-shaped silica bodies
  (bar 10 µ).
• B. Brachiaria jubata, a form of silica
  intermediate between the dumbbell-shaped form and
  the cross-shaped form (bar 10 µ).
• Apochiton burttii, cross-shaped silica bodies
  (bar 10 µ).
• Aegilops triaristata, a horizontally elongated
  silica body with sinuous outlines (bar 10 µ).
• Anthochloa lepidula, horizontally elongated
  bodies with smooth outlines (bar 20 µ).
• Astrebla squarrosa, saddle-shaped silica bodies
  (bar 10 µ).
• Agropyron elongatum, a conical silica body (bar
  20 µ).

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High-crowned mammoth molar from the permafrost
sea cliff at Elephant Point, 1/2 mile south of
Kotzebue, Alaska. (The scale is a penny).
(Courtesy of the Inman Family)
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Initial drafts of rice (Oryza sativa) genome
reported in 2002 2 sub species Indica - China
and most of Asia Japonica- Japan and temperate
areas
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Shattering was a major problem in the
domestication of grains.
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sh4 levels increase to higher levels in O.
nivara
sh4 is expressed at the junction of the pedicel
and the fruit.
More force is required to pull away grains in
O. sativa
Sh4 activity in Rice. Oryza sativa
cultivated rice (Li et al. 2006. Science
3111936-39.) Oryza nivara ancestral rice
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The cellulose synthase superfamily in rice. The
CesA genes, CslA genes, and cereal-specific CslF
genes encode enzymes (as indicated) that are
required for the synthesis of cell wall
constituents. Functions of other superfamily
members are presently unknown. The alignment of
deduced protein sequences was constructed with
CLUSTAL W and the unrooted tree figure was drawn
with TreeView (11). Figure based on the
completed genome sequence of rice
(www.prl.msu.edu/walton/CSL_updates.htm)?PHOTO
CREDIT CORBIS