Immigrants and Urbanization

1
Immigrants and Urbanization

• We cannot all live in the city, yet nearly all
  seem determined to do so.

2
New Immigrants

• Escape difficult living conditions
• Poverty
• Famine
• Land shortages
• Religious or Political persecution
• Birds of Passageintended to immigrate
  temporarily in order to make money and then
  return to their homelands.

3
Europe

• 1870-1920 almost 20 million Europeans arrived in
  the United States.
• Before 1890Western and Northern (Great Britain,
  Ireland, and Germany)
• After came from Southern and Eastern Europe
  (Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia)
• 1905 alone a million people arrived from these
  countries through the Golden Door

4
Immigrants

• Villages of Jews in Russia came to America
  because they were driven out by pogroms.
• Organized anti-Semitic campaigns that led to the
  massacre of Jews.
• Rise in population in Europe.
• Scarcity of land for farming

5
(No Transcript)
6
China and Japan

• West Coast
• Smaller numbers
• Built the first Transcontinental railroad
• Farming, mining, and domestic service
• Japanese govt. allowed Hawaiian planters to
  recruit Japanese workers and immigration began.
• Large spread movement

7
(No Transcript)
8
West Indies and Mexico

• Eastern and Southern United States
• Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and other Islands.
• Mexicans became U.S. residents without leaving
  their homes.
• Result of the annexation of Texas in 1845
• Treaty with Mexico in 1848 territories from
  Mexico
• National Reclamation Act (Newlands
  Act)encouraged the irrigation of arid land, new
  farm land was createdTexas, Arizona, and
  California.

9
Journey

• Steamship
• Atlantic Ocean from Europe approx. 1 week
• Pacific from Asia took nearly 3 weeks
• Stormy, uncomfortable, and frightening
• Traveled in steerage or cargo holds below a
  ships waterline.
• Not allowed on deck, crowed together, unable to
  exercise or catch a breath of fresh air, slept in
  louse-infested bunks, share toilets.
• Disease spread quickly
• Some died before they reached the land of
  opportunity.
• The first sight of America was unbelievable.

10
(No Transcript)
11
Ellis Island

• Loneliness, homesickness, and anxiety of not
  knowing whether they would be admitted to the
  United States.
• Pass inspection
• 20 of immigrants were detained for a day or more
  before being inspected.
• 2 had to return home
• Five hours or more

12
Ellis Island

• Physical exam from a doctor
• Government Inspectordocuments and determined if
  they met the legal requirementspassing a
  literacy test in their native language and had to
  show that they had at least 25.00.
• From 1905 to 1907 as many as 11,000 immigrants a
  day went through Ellis Island.

13
Angel Island
14
Angel Island

• Chinese entered the U.S. through Angel Island.
• San Francisco Bay
• Harsh questioning, long detention while
  government officials decided whether to admit or
  reject an immigrant.
• Filthy, ramshackle buildings, confined like
  prisoners.
• Immigrants riot in 1919 to protest conditions.
• Writings on the wall.

15
Culture Shock

• Confusion, anxiety
• Con men and thieves took advantage of the
  newcomersstole their money and possessions.
• Where are they going to live?
• Where am I going to work?
• What did they say? What are they doing?
• Find people who are like me.

16
Survival

• Ethnic communities
• Build neighborhood churches or synagogues.
• Social clubs
• Aid societiesfurnished medical treatment for
  members and helped with medical cost.
• Founded orphanages and old peoples homes,
  cemeteries
• Newspapers in their own language
• hyphenated Americans

17
Melting Pot

• Mixture of people of different cultures and races
  who blended together by abandoning their native
  languages and customs.
• Refused to give up their cultural identities
• Anti-immigrant feelings emerged

18
Nativism

• Favoritism to native born Americans
• Anti-immigrant groupsdemanded restrictions on
  immigration.
• right countries British, German, and
  Scandinavian.
• wrong countriesSlav, Latin, and Asiatic races.
• Suspicion and fear of foregineers
• Roman Catholic and Jews
• American Protective Association1887
• Vicious anti-Catholic attacks
• Colleges, businesses, and social clubs refused to
  admit Jews.

19
Nativism

• Anglo-Saxonsuperior race
• German ancestors of the English
• Immigration Restriction League1884
• undesirable classesfrom southern and eastern
  Europe.
• Congress passed a bill requiring literacy test
  for new immigrants in 1896
• President Vetoed the bill.

20
Anti-Asian Sentiment

• Chinese
• Customs, unfamiliar language, look
  differentlonghair, braids, cotton jackets, broad
  cotton pants, wide brimmed hats.
• Jobs scarce
• Violent Anti-Chinese riots
• Knights of Labor fought for restrictions on the
  Chinese.
• Workingmens Partyheaded the anti-Chinese
  movement in California.
• The Chinese must go!

21
Chinese Immigrants
22
Chinese Exclusion Act

• 1882 Congress slammed the door on Chinese
  immigration.
• Students, teachers, merchants, tourist, and govt.
  officials.
• Ten years
• 1892 extended another ten years.
• 1902 Chinese immigration was prohibited
  indefinitelyrepealed in 1943.

23
Japanese Immigrants

• 1906 Board of Education in San Francisco
  California they segregate all Chinese, Japanese,
  and Korean children.
• In Japan anti-American riots break out.
• Theodore Roosevelt stepped in
• Gentlemens Agreement 1907-1908
• Japans govt. agreed to limit immigration to the
  United States.

24
Open Response

• Part A As an Italian immigrant living in New
  York discuss 3 problems faced by cities in the
  late 1800s and early 1900s.
• Part B What solutions do you feel as an Italian
  immigrant would be the most effective and what
  solutions did the government offer.

25
The Problems of Urbanization

• Section 2

26
Urbanization

• Growth of cities
• City dwellers
• Cheaper and more convenient place to live.
• Unskilled laborers steady jobs
• Social support of other immigrants
• 1890 twice as many Irish in New York than Dublin,
  Ireland.
• Worlds largest Polish population was in Chicago.
• Ethnic neighborhoods

27
(No Transcript)
28
(No Transcript)
29
Americanization Movement

• Education for newcomers
• English Language
• American History
• American Government
• Cooking
• Social etiquette

30
Country to City

• Overcrowding becomes a problem
• Farmers merged
• Rural people could not find jobs in agriculture
• AA who lost jobs
• Chicago and Detroitescape racial violence,
  economic hardships, and political oppression
• Low paying factory jobs
• Domestic servants

31
Urban Cultural Opportunities

• Varied and exciting life
• Each city had its own personality
• New York City1st moving picture
• ChicagoBuffalo Bills Wild West Shows
• BostonBallpark to watch Boston Nationals.

32
Boston
Nationals

• .

33
Urban Problems

• Housingbuy on the outskirts, rent rooms in
  boarding houses.
• Row Housessingle family dwellings that shared
  side walls with other similar houses.
• To many families living in one house together.

34
Urban Problems

• Garbage not picked up regularly dumped in air
  shaftsattracted rats and vermin.
• Residents would nail windows shut.
• Dumbbell tenements became worse place to live
  than single family residents.

35
(No Transcript)
36
Transportation

• Big problem
• Street cars 18873
• 1888 1st practical electric street car line in
  Richmond, VA.
• Old transportation in good repair and build new
  ones to meet demands.

37
Street Car in early 1900s
38
Water

• Safe water to drink
• Public water works
• Rare to have indoor plumbing
• Collect water in pails
• Cholera and typhoid fever were obvious
• Chlorination was introduced in 1893
• Filtration in 1903

39
(No Transcript)
40
Sanitation

• Horse manure
• Sewage flowed through open gutters
• Foul smoke in the air
• Garbage in alleys and streets
• Scavengersprivate contractors hired to sweep the
  streets, collect garbage, and clean outhouses.
  They didnt do their job!!
• Sewer lines and sanitation departmentscities
  issued in 1900 helped a little.

41
Fire

• Limited water supplies
• Wooden dwellings
• Candles and kerosene often used for heat.
• Volunteer firefighters
• Cincinnati, Ohio first to pay firefighters
• By 1900 most cities had paid firefighters
• Great Chicago Fire
• The San Francisco Earthquake
• Page 285

42
Crime

• Social reformsyoung, educated, men and women
  from the middle class.
• Social Gospel Movement
• Preached Salvation to the poor.
• Walter Rauschenbusch of New York and Washington
  Gladden of Ohio Applied Christianity
• Erect churches in poor communities
• Treat workers more fairly

43
Settlement House Movement

• Community centers in slum neighborhoods provided
  assistance and friendship to local men, women,
  and childrenimmigrants.
• Run by middle class, college educated women.
• Educational, cultural, and social services.
• Classes in English, health, crafts, drama, music,
  and painting. College extension courses.
• Reading circles
• Sent nurses to homes of the sick provided
  whatever aid was needed.
• Support of deserted women, insurance for
  bewildered widows, damages for injured operators,
  furniture from the clutches of the installment
  store.

44
Settlement House Movement

• Charles Stover and Stanton Coit
• Opened in New York City in 1886
• Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr
• Founded Chicagos Hull House in 1889.
• By 1910 about 400 settlement houses were
  operating in cities across the country.

45
Politics in the Gilded Age

• Section 3 and 4

46
Political Machine

• Offered services to voters and businesses in
  exchange for political or financial support.
• Gained control of local government in Baltimore
  New York, San Francisco, and other major cities.
• Pyramid
• Baselocal precinct workers and captains
  reported to a ward boss.
• Ward bosses helped the poor and gained their
  votes. (Favors)
• Top of the Pyramidcity boss, controlled the
  activities of the political party throughout the
  city.
• Precinct captains, ward bosses, and the city boss
  work together.--guarantee success of the machine.

47
The Role of the Political Boss

• Controlled access to municipal jobs, business
  licenses, and influenced the courts and other
  agencies.
• Built parks, sewer systems, waterworks, and gave
  money to schools, hospitals, and orphanages.
• Reinforce voter's loyalty, win additional
  political support, extend influence.

48
Immigrants and the Machine

• Political bosses usually 1st and 2nd generation
  immigrants.
• Grammar school
• Worked their way up from the bottom.
• Speak to immigrants in their own language.
• Understood the challenges
• Provide solutions
• Naturalization
• housing
• jobs
• Immigrants provided votes!!!!
• Big Jim PendergastIrish American saloonkeeper.
  Controlled Missouri state politics.

49
Election Fraud and Graft

• Fake names
• cast as many votes needed to win
• graftillegal use of political influence for
  personal gain.
• kick backs --a portion of the earnings to the
  machine.
• Favors to businesses were granted in return for
  cash
• Until 1890 police forces were hired and fired by
  political bosses.

50
The Tweed Ring Scandal

• William M. Tweed Boss Tweed
• Tammany Hall, New York City's powerful Democratic
  Political Machine
• Construction of the Courthouse cost Tax payers
  13 millionactual cost 3 millionpocketed by
  Tweed and followers.
• Tweed Ring broke in 1871
• Tweed indicted on 120 counts of fraud and
  extortion sentenced to 12 years in jail.
• Reduced to 1 year.
• Tweed escaped after he was put in jail for the
  2nd time.
• Captured in Spainofficials recognized him from a
  political cartoon.

51
Boss Tweed

• William M. Tweed

52
Patronage Spurs Reform

• Giving of government jobs to people who had
  helped a candidate get elected.
• Andrew Jackson Spoils System.
• Government employees not qualified for the job.
• Personal gain
• Merit System hiring
• Civil Servicegovt. administrationgo to the most
  qualified person.

53
Reform Under Hayes, Garfield and Arthur

• Republican president Rutherford B. Hayes 1876
• used other means
• could not get Congress to support reform
• Named independents to his cabinet
• Commission to investigate the nation's
  customhouses
• fired 2 top officials
• Decided not to run for re-election in 1880

54
Garfield

• Independent candidate from Ohio
• V.P. Chester A. Arthur
• Reformers get most of his patronage jobs
• July 2, 1881 Garfield was shot in a Washington
  D.C. train station.
• mentally unbalanced lawyer Charles Guiteaubeen
  turned down for a job.
• Garfield died from his wounds on September 19.
• Arthur turns to a reformerurged Congress to pass
  civil service law.

55
(No Transcript)
56
President Garfield
57
Pendleton Civil Service Act

• 1883
• bipartisan civil service commission to make
  appointments to federal jobs through a merit
  system based on candidates performance on an
  examination.
• By 1901 40 of all federal jobs had been
  classified a civil service position.

58
Harrison, Cleveland, and High Tariffs

• Democratic Party opposed high tariffs
• Democratic Party wins 1884 election with nominee
  Grover Cleveland--1st time in 28 years
• Congress refused to help Cleveland lower tariffs
• Ran for re-election but lost due to his
  competitor being financed by people who wanted
  higher tariffs than they wereBenjamin Harrison.

59
Harrison

• supported by people who wanted higher tariffs
• won the presidency due to electoral votes
• Signed the McKinley Tariff Act of 1890 which made
  tariffs their highest yet.

60
Cleveland

• 1892 Elected againonly president to serve two
  non-consecutive terms.
• supported a bill for lowering the McKinley Tariff
  Act but refused to sign it b/c it also provided
  for a federal income tax.
• Wilson-Gorman Tariff became law in 1894 w/o the
  presidents signature.
• 1897 William McKinley became president and raised
  tariffs again.

61
Cleveland
62
(No Transcript)