Immigrants

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Immigrants Urbanization

• Chapter 7

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Chapter Overview

• The population rises as immigrants supply a
  willing workforce for urban industrialization and
  political base for many urban politicians.
  Abuses in local and national government prompt
  calls for reform.

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Section One The New Immigrants

• Europeansflooded East coast
• Chinese and JapaneseWest coast
• Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and
  Mexico
• Why Immigrate?
• Lured by promise of better life
• Escape conditions
• Some immigrated temporarily to take money back
  home to their families

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Section One The New Immigrants

• A Difficult Journey
• Trip across AtlanticOne Week
• Trip across PacificThree Weeks
• Poor conditions, many deaths
• Ellis Island
• Immigration Station in New York
• Detained up to several days
• Pass physical exam
• Government Inspectiondocuments, state purpose

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Ellis Island, 1892-1954.
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Section One The New Immigrants

• Angel IslandSan Francisco Bay
• Harsh questioning, long detentions
• Poor conditions
• Cooperation for Survival
• Finding a place to live
• Getting a job
• Language Culture
• Many immigrants formed ethnic communities

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Angel Island
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Section One The New Immigrants

• Melting Potmixture of people of different
  cultures and races who blended together by
  abandoning their native languages and customs
• Nativismextreme favoritism toward native-born
  Americans
• Anti-Immigrant groups
• Restrictionsonly wanted people that would
  improve America

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Section One The New Immigrants

• Immigration Restriction League
• Literacy test, 40 words in English
• Anti-Asian Sentiment
• 1882, Chinese Exclusion Act
• Banned all except students, teachers, merchants,
  tourists, government officials
• The Gentlemans Agreement
• Limit unskilled workers from Japan, repeal San
  Francisco segregation order

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Questions to ponder

• What are some push and pull factors influence
  immigration to America?
• What was the journey like?
• What was the experience of Ellis Angel Island
  like?
• What was life like once immigrants were admitted?
• How is the phrase melting pot positive and
  negative?
• Why did people have anti-immigrant feelings?

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Section Two The Challenges of Urbanization

• Urbanizationgrowth of cities due to
  technological boom
• mostly in Midwest Northeast
• Immigrants lived in cities because of cheap
  living and available jobs
• Rural population moving to cities because farming
  not needed as much
• 1890twice as many Irish in NYC than Dublin,
  Ireland!!

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Section Two The Challenges of Urbanization

• Americanization Movement
• Assimilation
• Teach immigrants skills needed for citizenship
• English Literacy
• American History Government
• Cooking
• Social Etiquette
• Most wanted to stay in ethnic groups
• Overcrowded

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Section Two The Challenges of Urbanization

• Housing Problems
• Live on outskirts with transportation problem or
  rent a cramped, unclean room?
• Row Housessingle family homes shared walls
• TenementsOvercrowded, unsanitary, multifamily
  homes
• Regulations
• NYC set minimum standards for plumbing and
  ventilations in apartments

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New York City, 1900
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Section Two The Challenges of Urbanization

• Transportationmass transits move large number of
  people along fixed routes
• Helped people get to work easily
• Street cars, electric subways
• Public Water Works
• Indoor plumbing was seldom
• Cholera Typhoid fever
• 1870filtration, 1908--chlorination

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Section Two The Challenges of Urbanization

• Sanitation
• Horse manure in the streets
• Sewage in open gutters
• Garbage in streets
• Crime
• Pickpockets and thieves common
• 1844NYC, 1st full-time police force
• Cincinnati, OH1st paid Fire Department

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Section Two The Challenges of Urbanization

• Reformers
• Social Gospel Movementpreached salvation through
  service of the poor
• Settlement housescommunity centers in slum
  neighborhoods that provided assistance to people
  in area, especially immigrants
• Provided educational, cultural, social services
• Jane Addamsfounded Chicagos Hull House
• Locust Street Social Settlement
• Settlement house for African-Americans

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Section Three Politics in the Gilded Age

• Time for new power structures
• Political Machines group that controlled the
  activities of a political party in a city
  offered services in exchange for political or
  financial support
• Solved urban problems to reinforce voter loyalty
• Helped immigrants with citizenship, housing and
  jobs

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Section Three Politics in the Gilded Age
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Section Three Politics in the Gilded Age

• Increase in Election Frauduse of fake names to
  vote
• Graftillegal use of political influence for
  personal gain
• Political machine helps person find job at
  construction company
• Person charges city more for supplies
• Money is kicked back to political machine

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Section Three Politics in the Gilded Age

• Boss Tweed(William M. Tweed)
• Head of Tammany Hall (NYC Democratic political
  machine)

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Section Three Politics in the Gilded Age

• Election of 1880, Republican nomination up for
  grabs
• Stalwartswho supported the spoils system
• Patronagegiving of government jobs to people who
  helped candidates get elected
• Reformerswanted change
• Independent, James A. Garfield, won election
• Stalwart, Chester A. Arthur, nominated VP

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Section Three Politics in the Gilded Age

• July 2, 1881, because of his support of civil
  service reform, Garfield was shot
• Died September 19
• Arthur became president (shooter was stalwart)
• Once in office, became a reformer
• Pendleton Civil Service Act
• make appointments to federal jobs through merit
  system based on examination