Immigration

1
Immigration Urbanization
2
Immigration

• 1870-1910 20 million immigrants entered the US
• Added to the labor pool
• Added to the demand for housing
• Added to the demand for goods

3
Eastern Southern Europeans

• About 14 million immigrants from Italy, Greece,
  Poland, Russia, Slavic states
• Many were Catholic, Orthodox, or Jewish
• Came because of job and land availability, to
  escape religious persecution, to escape a fixed
  class system, and/or to live in a democracy

4
Ellis Island

• New York Harbor
• Used from 1892 to 1954 to process immigrants
• Immigrants were medically inspected
• Unhealthy quarantined or sent back to Europe
  (only about 2 were denied entry)
• Now part of the Statue of Liberty National
  Monument

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Statue of Liberty (1886)
6
The Know-Nothings

• The American Party (1849-1860)
• Nativists
• Anti-Catholic
• Opposed immigration
• Played on prejudices and fears that immigrants
  would take jobs

7
American Protective Association

• Founded in 1887 by Henry Bowers
• Opposed Catholicism because Catholics obeyed the
  Pope above all other powers, including the
  government
• Wanted to limit Catholic immigration, ban
  Catholics from teaching, holding public office
• Also wanted to make understanding English a
  requisite for citizenship
• Had faded out by 1900

8
Immigration Act of 1882

• .50 tax on each immigrant entering US to help
  pay costs of regulating immigration
• Denied entry to convicts, lunatics, idiots, and
  persons likely to become public charges

9
Asian Immigrants

• Chinese looking to escape famine, unemployment,
  and violent rebellions
• Often excluded from regular American society, so
  developed their own in Chinatowns
• Some limited Japanese immigration

10
Angel Island

• In use 1910 1940
• Processed over 1 million immigrants
• Located in San Francisco Bay
• 75 of immigrants were detained for at least 2
  weeks, some for up to 2 years!!!!

11
Workingmans Party of California

• 1870s - 1900
• Founded by Irish immigrant Denis Kearney
• Opposed Chinese immigration and use of Chinese
  labor to build railroads
• The Chinese Must Go!

12
Chinese Exclusion Acts

• Passed in 1882
• Banned Chinese immigration for 10 years
• Chinese already here could not become citizens
• Renewed in 1892
• Made permanent in 1902
• Finally repealed in 1942
• Led to a decline in Chinese population in US

13
Ethnic neighborhoods

• Cultural pluralism
• Immigrants preferred to stick together, form
  neighborhoods where it was safe to speak native
  language, continue ethnic customs, practice their
  religion
• These neighborhoods led to general distrust of
  immigrants by the native US population

14
Melting Pot or Tossed Salad?

• Melting pot assimilation of multiple cultures
  into a new, blended American culture
• Tossed salad many different cultures thrown
  together, but little blending each culture
  stands out

15
Urbanization

• Between 1870 -1900 US urban population soared
  from 10 million to 30 million
• NYC 800,000 in 1860, 3.5 million in 1900
• Chicago 109,000 in 1860, 1.6 million in 1900
• Immigrants tended to stay in cities
• Many poor farmers moved to cities for better
  paying jobs
• Many freed slaves migrated to northern cities to
  seek new opportunities

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Appeal of Cities

• More jobs available
• Electric lighting
• Running water and sewer
• Abundance of goods
• Variety of leisure activities

17
Adult Entertainment

• Vaudeville Theater collection of acts, including
  dancers, singers, acrobats, comedians, etc.
  (similar to Americas Got Talent but without
  judges)
• Dance Halls large venues with live bands playing
  dance music
• Cabarets bars or nightclubs which offered
  musical entertainment
• Saloons neighborhood bars where working men ate,
  drank, talked politics and discussed current
  events

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Family Entertainment

• Museums
• Libraries
• Amusement Parks NYCs Coney Island became a
  resort area after Civil War, first attraction
  was a carousel that opened in 1876
• Spectator sports Boxing, horse racing,
  wrestling, professional baseball

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Skyscrapers

• As cities became more crowded, space became more
  valuable
• Inventions like high-quality steel and the Otis
  elevator made going higher the most practical
  solution
• Chicago architect Louis Sullivan generally
  credited with pioneering the skyscraper

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Home Insurance Building

• Chicago
• Built in 1885
• First to have a steel frame
• 10 stories (138 ft.)
• 2 floors added later
• Designed by William LeBaron Jenney (who trained
  Louis Sullivan)
• Demolished in 1931 because it was too small and
  wasted space!

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Tallest Modern Buildings
22
Public Parks
23
Frederick Law Olmstead

• 1822 1903
• Landscape architect
• Designed many major urban green-spaces, including
  Central Park in NYC and parks in Chicago,
  Washington DC, and other cities
• Also designed the grounds at Biltmore Estate in
  Asheville, NC

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Mass transit

• Horsecars railroad car pulled along tracks by
  horses
• Cable cars railroad car pulled along tracks by
  underground cables (San Francisco, 1873)
• Electric trolley car developed in 1887 by Frank
  J. Sprague, first used in Richmond, VA
• Elevated railroads Used in Chicago starting in
  1892
• Subways Boston in 1897, NYC in 1904
• Major bridges, such as NYCs Brooklyn Bridge
  (1883)

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Changes in Shopping

• Bold new forms of advertising products, using
  large, illustrated ads in newspapers magazines
• Department stores John Wannamakers Grand Depot
  in Philadelphia
• Chain stores Woolworths (1879)
• Mail-order catalogs Montgomery Ward, Sears
  Roebuck

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Upper Class

• High Society
• Wealthiest families, primarily industrialists
  like the Rockefellers and Vanderbilts
• Built palatial houses, clustered in downtown
  districts

27
Middle-Class Gentility

• Doctors, lawyers, engineers, architects,
  managers, teachers
• Lived in streetcar suburbs on edges of cities
• Average salary 1100/year

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The Working Class

• 75 of urban population
• Lived in tenement housing within easy walking
  distance of the industrial district
• Average salary 445/year

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Urban problems

• Violent crime murder rate jumped 400 between
  1880 and 1900 rate today is about ½ the rate of
  US in 1900
• Pollution especially of drinking water, but also
  of land and air
• Disease cholera, typhoid
• Fire Chicago (1871), Boston (1872), Baltimore
  (1904), San Francisco (1906, caused by earthquake)

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Tenement Buildings

• Small, extremely crowded apartment buildings
• Whole families often lived in just one room,
  sometimes with only a single window for air
• Up to a dozen families might share a single
  bathroom
• Buildings were unsafe hard to escape in a fire,
  little fresh air and close quarters led to spread
  of disease

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Jacob Riis

• 1849 1914
• Danish immigrant, social reformer, journalist,
  photographer
• Wrote How the Other Half Lives (1890)
• Documented horrors of life in the slums
  tenements
• Blamed alcohol for many of societys ills

34
Jane Addams the Social Gospel

• 1860 1935
• Founded Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago
• First woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize
• Social Gospel idea that Christians have a
  moral responsibility to fix societys problems
  help the less fortunate

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Settlement Houses

• Most famous settlement house Chicagos Hull
  House
• Middle class settlers moved into working class
  neighborhoods to help provide education, meals,
  childcare, medical care, and general advice to
  immigrants and poor workers