SWARM INTELLIGENCE

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• SWARM INTELLIGENCE
• (T?O??? ??? S?????S)

?a???t??? ????? ?.?.?4306 ??????? ??µ?t?a
?.?.?4331 S??a??d?? ??d???a ?.?.?4364
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??sa????

• Sµ??? p?????, ??p?d?a ????a, a???e? ? ??p?d?a ??a
  µeta??????ta? s??t???sµ??a sa? ??a?
  ?pe????a??sµ??. ??p???t??? e??a? ? pe??pt?s?
  e?t?µ??(p.?. µ???sse?, µ??µ????a, te?µ?te?)
  ???a?????ta? e?d??????? s?µpe??f???? p??
  ?epe????? t?? ??a??t?te? t?? µeµ???µ???? at?µ??.
• ? ??a??t?ta a?t? de? e??a? e??e??aµµ??? sta
  ????d?? t??? a??? ßas??eta? se ep??t?te?
  s?µpe??f???? p?? e?t?p????ta? ?at? ta p??ta
  st?d?a t?? ???? t???.

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?? ?a???e? t?? sµ????? (s?µf??a µe Reynolds)

• ?p???e? µ?a d??aµ? s???????s?? (clumping), p??
  d?at??e? e??µ??? t? sµ????.
• ?a µ??? t?? sµ????? e??a? se ??s? ?a e??????? t??
  ta??t?t? t??? ?? p??? t??? ?e?t??e?, µe
  ap?t??esµa t? sµ???? ?a pet?e? µe ?????
  ta??t?ta.
• ?a µ??? t?? sµ????? ?p??e??ta? se µ?a d??aµ?
  d?a????sµ?? (separation), ? ?p??a ap?t??pe? ???e
  µ???? t?? sµ????? ap? t? ?a pet?e? p??? ???t? µe
  t??? ?e?t???? t??.

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• Separation

• Alignment

• Cohesion

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Foraging Strategies in ants(St?at??????
a?a??t?s?? t??f??)

• ?a µ??µ????a e?ap???t??? st? d??µ? t??? t? ??µ???
  ??s?a fe??µ???, p?? t?? a?t??aµß????ta? ?a?
  a????????? ta ?p????pa.
• St?at????? ??t? ???eta? ??a t?? e??es? t??
  ???t???te??? d??µ?? a??µesa st? f???? ?a? t??
  p??? fa??t??.

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Inter-nest Traffic

• ??p??e? ???????e? ????? d??t?a f????? p??
  e?te????ta? se ?????de? µ?t?a ??aµµ???. ?a µ???
  a?t?? a?ta???ss??ta? ?a? ?ts? ep?t?????eta? ??a?
  ?ataµe??sµ?? e??as?a?, p?? p??sd?de? st? s?st?µa
  t?? ??a??t?ta ?a p??sa?µ??eta? e????a st??
  pe??ßa????t???? a??a???.

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The Binary Bridge Experiment

• ???s?µ?p??????e t? e?d?? Linepithema humile
• ?e????µßa?e ??f??a µe 2 ??ad??, ?p?? t? ??a e??a?
  d?p??s?? se µ???? ap? t? ???? ?a? d?a???????ta?
  ap? µ?a p??? fa??t??. ? p??a??t?ta ep?????? e???
  ap? t??? d?? ???d??? e??a?
• ?p??
• k ? ßa?µ?? µe??s?? t?? t??a??t?ta?
• n ? ßa?µ?? t?? µ? ??aµµ???? s?s??t?s?? t??
  p??a??t?ta? ep?????? e??? ap? t??? d?? ???d???

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• ??? µ??µ????a fe????? ap? t? f???? t?? ?d?a
  st??µ? ?a? t? ?a???a ep????e? d?af??et??? d??µ?,
  ?p?? e?ap???te? fe??µ???.
• ?? µ??µ???? p?? ep??e?e t?? ???t?te?? ???d?
  ep?st??fe? p??t?.
• ?pe?d? st?? ???d? a?t? ?p???e? t??a d?p??s?a
  fe??µ???, ?a p??se???se? pe??ss?te?a µ??µ????a
  ap? t? µa???te?? µ???p?t?.

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Raid Patterns of Army Ants ( S??d?? ep??es??)

• ?p?te?e?ta? ap? ??a µ??µ???? p?? ß??s?eta?
  µp??st?, ??a p???? d??t?? ap? d?ad??µ?? t? ?p???
  e?te??eta? ??a µ?t?? p?s? ap? t? p??p??e??µe??
  µ??µ???? ?a? ??a ???? µe???? a?ast?µ??µe??
  d??t??.
• ?a??de??µa Eciton burchelli
• ?a ?t?µa e??a? t?f?? ?a? ? ep????????a ???eta?
  µ?s? t?? fe??µ????.
• ?? ?d?? p????aµµa µp??e? ?a d?se? ??se?? se p????
  p??ß??µata ? ?a p??sa?µ?st??? se d?af??et???
  pe??ß?????ta.

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Ant System TSP

• ?d??t?te? t?? Ant system(AS)
• ???? fe??µ????
• ???µ?
• G??s? t?? pe??ß?????t??
• ???a??t?ta ?e?t?????a?

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• ???? fe??µ????
• ?a??? t? µ??µ???? ???e?ta? st? ???t?, e?ap???te?
  ???? fe??µ????.
• ??s?t?ta fe??µ???? e?atµ??eta? µe t?? p???d? t??
  ??????.

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• 2. ???µ?
• ?? ep?s?efte? ??p??a p??? µ?a f???, de
  ?a?ape???e? ap? e?e?.

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• 3. G??s? t?? pe??ß?????t??
• ?p?stas? p??e??

• ??at?t?ta (Visibility) 1/dij ,? ep???µ?a ?a
  ep?s?efte? t?? p??? j ap? t?? p??? i.

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• 4. ???a??t?ta ?e?t?????a?
• ?p?stas? p??e??(??at?t?ta)
• ??s?t?ta ?????? fe??µ????

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The Traveling Salesman Problem(TSP)

• St???? e??a? ?a ß?e?e? ? µ????te?? d?ad??µ? st??
  ?p??a ?? p??e?? ep?s??pt??ta? µ??? µ?a f???
• Ant system(AS) ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ??a t?? ep???s?
  t?? p??ß??µat??. ?as??eta? st? ?t? ta µ??µ????a
  a????????? ?s?t?µa µ???p?t?a µe fe??µ???.

S??d?? 1. Ape?????s? ??s?? st? Traveling Salesman
Problem.
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• ? ep????? t?? d?ad??µ?? ???eta? t??a?a.
• ?? µ??µ???? af?? ????????se? t? ???? ???? t??
  p??e??, ep?st??fe? st??? ??µß??? p??
  ???s?µ?p???se ?a? e?ap???te? fe??µ???.
• ? p?s?t?ta t?? fe??µ???? e??a? a?t?st??f??
  a?????? µe t? s??????? µ???? t?? d?ad??µ??, d??.
  ?s? µ????te?? e??a? ? ap?stas? t?s? µe?a??te??
  p?s?t?ta fe??µ???? ß??s?eta? e?e?.
• ?pe?d? ? fe??µ??? e?atµ??eta?, ?? µa???te?e?
  d?ad??µ?? ?a pe??????? te???? ????te?? fe??µ???
  se s??s? µe ta t?? µ????te?e?.

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• ? ap????a af??eta? ?a?? ?a ta??d??e? st??
  p??e?? a????????ta? ta ???? fe??µ???? p??
  p???p?????? se ???e ???d?.
• ?f?? µe?a??te?? p?s?t?ta ?p???e? st?? ???t????
  d?ad??µ??, ta µ??µ????a a????????? a?t? t?
  d?ad??µ?.

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?p????? fe??µ???? st?? ep????? t?? µ????te???
d?ad??µ??
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Ant Colony System (ACS)

• ???S????G?S ??? AS (4)
• New transition rule (ep?t??pe? t?? e?e?e???s?)
• Pheromone update rule (t? µ??µ????, t? ?p???
  pa???a?e t?? ?a??te?? d?ad??µ?, ep?t??peta? ?a
  ?a????se? t?? p?s?t?ta t?? fe??µ???? st???
  ???d??? ?a? ta ???a t?? d?ad??µ??)

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• Local updates of pheromone trail (?a µ??µ????a
  de? s????????? se µ?a ????? d?ad??µ?, a???
  ??????? t?? ?a??te?? d?ad??µ?)
• 4. Use of candidate list (? candidate list e??a?
  µ?a ??sta p?? pe???aµß??e? ??a ep???µ?t? a???µ?
  p??e?? ??a ep?s?e??)

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The Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP)

• ?a?????? n ?e?t????e?? se n p??e??
• -ap?st?se?? µeta?? t?? t?p??es???
• -??? µeta?? t?? ?e?t???????(µetaf????
• ??????)
• 
  
  
  
• St???? e?a??st?p???s?
  t?? ???? ? ap?stas?

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QAP ?a??de??µa

• ??p??es?e?
  ?e?t?????e?
• 
  µe?a??te??
• 
  ??? ap? ? se ?
• S??d?asµ?? t?? t?p??es??? µe t?? ?e?t?????e?
• µe?a??te??
  
  µ????te??
• ??st??
  
  ??st??
• 
  

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Ant Colony Optimization (ACO)

• ?as???? ACO algorithm

• ?p????? µ?a? ?e?t?????a? epa????
• ?p????? µ?a? t?p??es?a?
  ?(fe??µ???,
• 
  epa????)
• 
  

d??se?? st?at??????
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???s?µ???s? s?µpe??f???? t?? sµ???? se ?/?

• S?µe?a e??a? d??at? ? ?ea??st??? p??s?µ???s? t??
  s?µpe??f???? t?? sµ????, t?? ??pad??? ?a? t??
  a?e??? a? efa?µ?s??µe a?t??? t??? ?a???e? se
  e??????? p????? p?? ???µ?st??a? boids (ap? t?
  a?????? "bird-oid").
• ?? 1986 ? Reynolds ?ats?e?ase ??a t?t??? µ??t???
  p??s?µ???s?? se ?p?????st?. ?a ßas??? st???e??
  t?? µ??t???? e??a? ?t? ßas??eta? se 3 ap???
  s?µe??f???? p?? pe?????f??? p?? t? ???e boid
  e?a?t?ta? ap? t?? ??se?? ?a? ta??t?te? t??
  ?e?t?????? at?µ??.

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?fa?µ???? t?? Swarm Intelligence st?? te???????a

• 1. ???????µp?t???Sta?e?? a?apt?ss?µe??? t?µ?a?
  p?? ??e? ?? st?at????? t?? ?atas?e??
  µ??????µp?t. ????e?ta? ??a µ????a?t????a??µ??a
  s?st?µata p?? ap?te????ta? ap? p???? µ????te?a
  ?µ?a?t???µa s?st?µata (??µp?t???a) p?? de ?a ?ta?
  se ??s? ?a e?te??s??? ap? µ??a t??? e??as?e? p??
  ep?te?e? t? ?pe?s?st?µa p?? apa?t????? ??a µa??.

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• 2. ??t?st????a µ??a??? µe ???sµ??e? ?e?t?????e?
• 3. S??d?asµ? ???µ?t?? sta ??af???
• 4. ???eta? ??a? a???µ?? se???? ?a? st???? e??a?
  ?a ß?e?e? ? se??? µ????te??? µ????? p?? e??a?
  d?ad????? ???e ?????.
• 5. ???ep????????e?

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• ? ?e???a t?? sµ????? ap?te?e? t? ß?s? ??a ?a
  ß?e???? ??se?? p???p????? p??ß??µ?t?? ????? t?
  ???s? ?e?t????? e?????? ? ????? t? s??µat?sµ?
  e??? e??a??? µ??t????.
• ?a??de??µa p??e?a t?? ????s?? e??? apas????µ????
  d??t??? ep????????a?.