????? Ayo

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? 3 ? ?????????

• ???
• ????? Ayo

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Abiotic Factors and Limits

1. Physical Resources and Limiting Factors
2. The Effects of abiotic Factors on Species
   distribution and abundance
3. Types of adaptive responses
4. The Effects of and adaptations to thermal stress
5. Adaptations for water balance
6. Adaptations to light stimuli
7. Adaptations to nutrient availability
8. Other abiotic factors

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Physical Resources and Limiting Factors
1

• Physical resources (????) are those abiotic
  factors that an organism must assimilate if it is
  to live and prosper.
• Physical factor (????) are those physical or
  chemical effects may delimit a zone in which life
  is possible.
• Limiting factors (????) are those to determine
  the presence or absence of a species
• The law of the minimum (Liebig, 1840)
• The law of tolerance (Selford, 1913)

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??????
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Acclimatization
??6-18. Swimming speed of goldfish as a function
of temperature. Fish acclimated at 25oC display
higher swimming speeds than those acclimated at
5oC?
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?acclimation vs. acclimatization
acclimatization
????
acclimation
????
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The Effects of abiotic Factors on Species
distribution and abundance
2

• Temperature
• Water Abundance and Salinity
• Nutrient availability

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?????
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Climatic Change
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Cactus ???,??????????,????36????,catcus??????
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???????

• ?????????
• Papilio canadensis ? P. glaucus
• P. canadensis (???Alaska)
• P. glaucus (???Georgia)
• ???????Alaska???
• P. glaucus ??8????,P. canadensis ????60?????

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????,???????????????
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Temperature

• Quail(game birds) are strongly affected by the
  temperature regime when the young hatch.
• ??(Millepora spp.),??????
• ??El Niño ???,????????2-3oC ??5-6??,????????????,?
  ????????????

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Water abundance and salinity
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Are restricted to the fog belt
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????,??????,?????????????
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?????
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???????
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????
????
????
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Nutrient availability

• Plants are frequently nutrient-limited,
  particularly with respect to nitrogen and
  phosphorus.
• Many ungulates(???) seek out mineral licks
  areas with high soil concentration of certain
  elements such as sodium or calcium.

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???????????nutrient recovery hypothesis
????????
????????
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Types of adaptive responses
3

• Homeostatic mechanisms
• Avoidance strategies

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Homeostatic mechanisms
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Avoidance strategies

• To avoid the physical factor that stress it
• 1. Hibernation, estivation, topor
• 2. Migration
• 3. BehaviorSelecting a narrow range of sites
  that they inhabit or in which they concentrate
  their activities.

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? Changes in the spatial distribution of tadpoles
of the from Rana boylii associated with daily
temperature changes in a pond
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? Fig. 6-16 Seasonal activity space of the desert
iguana in southern California. (a) the daily
activity budget for an entire seasonal cycle.
(b) The activity budget for July 15 is shown with
the time course of air temperature.
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? The cactus wren (Campylorhynchus
brunneicapillus) at its nest
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? Microhabitat used by cactus wrens during a day
in late spring. Microhabitats vary in their
degree of thermal stress between exposed
ground(a) and the deep shade of trees (e).
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The Effects of and adaptations to thermal stress
4

• The effects of temperature on organisms
• Principles of heat transfer
• Animal adaptations to thermal stress
• Homeothermy and poikilothermy
• Adaptations to hot environments
• Adaptations to cold environments
• Strategies for avoiding thermal stress
• Plant adaptations to thermal stress

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The effects of temperature on organisms

• Q10 , a parameter that represents the increase in
  the rate of a reaction for each 10oC increase in
  temperature (T).
• ????10oC,??reation??,?Q102
• R2R1(Q10) (T2-T1)/10
• Fig. 3.15

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Principles of heat transfer
????
???
????
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Animal adaptations to thermal stress

• Homeothermy, physiologically regulate their
  temperatures so as to maintain them within rather
  narrow bounds.
• Poikilotherms, body temperature fluctuates with
  that of the environment.
• Endotherms, produce sufficient metabolic heat to
  maintain a high body temperature.
• Ectotherms, obtain much of their heat from the
  environment.

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??
??
?????
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Adaptations to hot environments
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Adaptations to cold environments

• ?? insulationfur ? feathers
• ?? body size
• ?????,

?

• ?? ? countercurrent heat exchange

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Adaptations to freezing environments

• Supercooling occurs when the body temperature
  falls below the greezing point of pure water
  without freezing the body fluids.
• Freezing tolerance refers to the prevention of
  damage when tissue fluids do freeze.

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Strategies for avoiding thermal stress

• 1. Hibernation, estivation, topor
• 2. Migration
• 3. BehaviorSelecting a narrow range of sites
  that they inhabit or in which they concentrate
  their activities.

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Plant adaptations to thermal stress

• ???The temperature of shoots and leaves may
  differ markedly from the ambient
  temperature.Thick leaves can be as much as 30oC
  warmer than the air, thin leaves 15oC cooler.
• ??????
• ?????????????

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Adaptations for water balance
5

• The physiological ecology of water
• Animal adaptations for water balance
• Plant adaptations for water balance

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????????

• ????????(polarity),?????????,????????????????????
  ?
• ?????????????,??????(ions)??????????????????
• ??? (NaCl) ?

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??????????

• ??????,?????????(hydrogen bond)?
• ????????,???????(cohesion)?????????,???????????(su
  rface tension)?
• ???????????????,?????????(adhesion)?
• ???????????,????????(capillary action)?

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? ?(ice)

• ????,????????
• ????????,????????tetrahedral ??,??????????????????
  ?4oC?,?????
• ??,??????????????????????,??????,?????????????????
  ??

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????????,???????????????????
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The physiological ecology of water

• Osmosis(??) is the movement of water across a
  semipermeable membrane in relation to solute
  concentrations.
• Hypotonic, if the internal contents are less
  concentrated than the medium, we say the organism
  is hypotonic(??) relative to its medium.
  ????hypertonic(??)

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? Hyper- or hypo-osmotic organisms

• Semipermeable membrane, which is meant that some
  small molecules and ions can diffuse across it,
  but others cannot.
• ????1 mole?????(1 molar),?????12atm?
• Fresh-water fish have higher concentrations of
  salts than the surrounding water,
  hyper-osmotic(??) organisms
• Marine fish is hypo-osmotic(??) organisms

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? ?????????

• ?????????,????????????,???????,???????,???(urine)?
  ?????
• ???????,???????????????????,??????????????????????
  ??

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Animal adaptations for water balance

• ? Pathways of exchange of water and solutes by
  (a) marine fish and (b) freshwater fish.

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???????????

• ??????,????,?????(urea)(CO(NH))????,??????????,???
  ?????
• ????????,??????????(Great Salt Lake)(20salt),????
  ???(Dead Sea)(23salt),?? ?Brine
  shrimp(??),??????30????small copepod?????????????
  ??

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???????????

• ???????????????
• ?????,?????????
• ??????,?????????,??????
• ?????????????4??????????????????14??????????hoppin
  g mouse????25??
• ??10???????(25oC),?????????,???????????????

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????????

• ??????(???????????????????),?????,?????????
• ???????(??????)???????,????????
• ?????????ammonia, urea, uric acid
• ??ammonia ????,?????????Uric acid ???,???,??????

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Table 3.1 The Nitrogenous wastes excreted by
terrestrial or aquatic organisms

• uric acidbirds, snakes, lizards, gastropods,
  insects (??)
• Uric acid and urea turtle (??)
• Ureamammals (??), amphibians (????)
• Ammonia amphibians, elasmobranch fishes,
  invertebrates (??)
• Ammonia and ureateleost fishes (??)

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Plant adaptations for water balance

• Field capacity the amount of water that stays
  in the interstices of a soil.
• Permanent wilting point ???????????????????

?
? Relationship between the water content and the
average force of attraction of the water to soil
particles(water potential)
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??????

• ?????,????(loam)?????,???45(45g ??100g???)?
• ???????,??????????32?
• ?????wilting coefficient??7????

?
? Relationship between the water content and the
average force of attraction of the water to soil
particles(water potential)
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???????

• ??????????,?????????????compatible
  solutes?proline, sorbitol, ?glycine-betaine??????
  ????
• ????????,??????????????????????
• ?????????????????????

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? Mechanism of control

• ??????????,??????
• ???????,abscisic acid (?????)?????????????????????
  ??????
• Abscisic acid ????(turn on)??,??osmotin
  ???,???????????????????
• ??????????????????????????

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???????
RuBP carboxylase
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? C3??

• ???????????,??CO2??????????Calvin-Benson cycle?
• CO2 RuBP (5C) ? 2PGA(3C)
• ?????3C???,?????????C3??(????)?
• ????????(enzyme,??)??RuBP carboxylase ?
• ?????CO2?????,?????????????????
• ??????????,????RuBP???,?????????????

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? C4??

• ????????????C3?????,??????CO2???
• CO2 PEP(3C) ? OAA (4C)
• ?????4C???,??????C4???(Fig.5-13)
• ???????????PEP carboxylase,?CO2????????
• OAA(4C) ? PEP(3C) CO2?Calvin

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C4 pathway of photosynthesis
4C
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C4??
C3??
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?(a) Relationship of photosynthesis to leaf
temperature
?
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?(b) Relationship of photosynthesis to
intercellular CO2 concentration in two desert
shrubs.
?
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? CAM (crassulacean acid Metabolism)??

• ??????,??????????CO2 ,???????????Calvin cycle?
• PEP CO2 ? OAA ? Malic acid
• Malic acid ????,????
• Malic acid?pyruvate CO2 ?Calvin
• ?????CAM?????

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? CAM pathway
?
Diagram of the photosynthesis pathway in CAM
plants.
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??????

• ??(Isoetes),????,?????????????????
• ???????????CO2,??????????????????????,???????(??),
  ???????????
• ????CO2??????,????CAM?????????????????????????????
  ?????????,??????????

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? Structures of two submerged aquatic plants (a)
Myriophyllum (b) Isoetes (??)
?
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Adaptations to Light stimuli
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???
???
??
??
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???? 400 750 nanometers
?
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Animal adaptation to light stimuli

• Phototaxis,
• Timing of important life history events

?
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?
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????????
?
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?
??????????????
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Plant adaptations to light stimuli
?
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The influence of photoperiod on flowering in
short-day and long-day plants
?
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Light compensation point

• The proportion of incident light required if the
  energy generated by photosynthesis is to match
  the energy expended in respiration is called the
  light compensation point.
• 27 lux to as much as 4,200 lux
• For trees, the light compensation point varies
  from 3 to 30 of incident sunlight.
• Lower plants have much lower compensation points.

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Acclimatization
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Adaptations to nutrient availability
7

• Animal nutritional requirements
• Over 90 of the body weight of an animal is made
  up of only four elements ?????????
• ???????????????????????
• Table 3.2 Essential elements for animals.

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? Jet of water expelled from the anus of the moth
engaged in pudding behavior. The moth obtains
sodium from water that it imbibes in large
quantities and periodically expels from the anus
with great force.
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Plant adaptations for nutrient uptake

• CO2?H2O ????
• Macronutrients (Table 3.3 )H, C, N, O, S, P, K,
  Ca, Mg.
• Micronutrients (Table 3.3)S, Cl, B, Mn, Cu, Z,
  Co, Mo, Si

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Other abiotic factors
8

• Oxygen
• For plants, oxygen is rarely a limiting factor.
• Plants that inhabit wetlands are an exception.
• For land-dwelling animals, oxygen is abundant.
• For aquatic organisms, the oxygen content of the
  water determines the degree to which oxygen is
  limiting.

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? The knees of these bald cypress trees in a
freshwater swamp conduct air from the atmosphere
to roots.
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? A fishs gill consists of several gill arches.
?
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? Countercurrent flow vs. concurrent flow
?
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pH
??
??
????
?
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??
?
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?????
?
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Environmental ApplicationTolerance of Pollution

• ????????,?????
• ???????????,?????????????????
• ????,??????????
• ????????,?????
• 1. ??????????????
• 2. ?????????????

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????,???????????
?
?
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Self-Assessment

• 1. Explain the physiological problems associated
  with the following
• Low water availability, low temperature, high
  temperature, quantitative and qualitative
  differences in light.
• 2. Explain the physiological adaptations of
  plants and animals to the physiological problem
  in Question 1.
• 3. Explain the ecological effects of the problems
  in Question 1.
• 4. Discuss the relationship between limiting
  factors and resources.
• 5. Discuss the ways in which plants and animals
  cope with harsh abiotic conditions by
  physiological adaptation versus avoidance.

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Additional study

• 1. ?????????????????,???????????????
• 2. ????????????????????????????(???)?????????????
  ???,??????????,?????

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• ?????!

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