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Grounded theory methods (??????)

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Ayo NUTN website http//myweb.nutn.edu.tw/hychen
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Grounded theory methods

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• Theory
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What is Theory?

• Positivist definitions of theory
• Seeks causes, favors deterministic explanations,
  and emphasizes generality and universality.
• Interpretive definitions of theory
• Calls for the imaginative understanding of the
  studied phenomenon.
• Conceptualize the studied phenomenon to
  understand it in abstract terms.
• Offer an imaginative interpretation.

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What defines a Grounded Theory?

• Researchers use grounded theory methods to pursue
  varied emergent analytic goals and foci.
• Grounded theory involves taking comparisons from
  data and reaching up to construct abstractions
  and simultaneously reaching down to tie these
  abstractions to data.
• It means learning about the specific and the
  general -and seeing what is new in them-then
  exploring their links to larger issues or
  creating larger unrecognized issues in entirety.

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• the rule of Parsimony
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????? vs. ?????

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• Interplay between qualitative and quantitative
  methods.

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Science and concepts

• Science could not exist without concepts.
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• Open ??,??(??)???,????,????? (emerge new theory)?
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???????? (Grounded theory)

• Charmaz, K. (2006) Constructing Grounded Theory.
  A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis.
  SAGE Publications.

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???????? (Grounded theory)

1. Being open(??) to multiple possibilities.
2. Generating a list of options.
3. Exploring(??) various possibilities before
   choosing any one.
4. Using nonlinear forms of thinking such as going
   back and forth(????) and circumventing around a
   subject to get a fresh perspective (?????).
5. Having fun while doing it.
6. It is both science and art (?????).

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Coding procedures

• Build rather than test theory
• Provide researchers with analytic tools for
  handling masses of raw data.
• Help analysts to consider alternative meanings of
  phenomena
• Be systematic and creative simultaneously.
• Identify, develop, and relate the concepts that
  are the building blocks of theory.

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Grounded theory
Transforming data into codes. Coding relies on
having solid data.
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Grounded theory ????????

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Criteria for grounded theory studies

• Credibility (???)
• Are the data sufficient to merit your claims?
• Are there strong logical links between the
  gathered data and your argument and analysis?
• Originality (???)
• Are your categories fresh?
• Do they offer new insights?
• Resonance (???)
• Usefulness (???)

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Criteria for grounded theory studies

• Credibility (???)
• Originality (???)
• Resonance (???)
• Does your grounded theory make sense to your
  participants or people who share their
  circumstances?
• Does your analysis offer them deeper insights
  about their lives and worlds?
• Usefulness (???)
• How does your work contribute to knowledge?
• How does it contribute to making a better world?

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Grounded theory coding

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• ????? (open coding)
• open to exploring whatever theoretical
  possibilities we can discern in the data.
• Initial coding should stick closely to the data.
  
• Try to see actions in each segment of data rather
  than applying preexisting categories to the data.
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• ???? (Axial coding)
• ???? (Theoretical coding)

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Initial coding(????) practices

1. Remain open
2. Stay close to the data
3. Keep your codes simple and precise
4. Construct short codes
5. Preserve actions
6. Compare data with data
7. Move quickly through the data

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Initial coding (????) practices

• Open coding (?????)
• Using comparative methods
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• Word-by-word coding
• Line-by-line coding
• Coding incident to incident

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Focused coding (????)

• Focused coding is the second major phase in
  coding.
• These codes are more directed, selective, and
  conceptual than word-by-word, line-by-line, and
  incident-by-incident coding.

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Axial coding (????)

• Axial coding specifies the properties and
  dimensions of a category.
• building a dense texture of relationships around
  the axis of a category.
• axial coding follows the development of a major
  category, although it may be in an early stage of
  development.
• The purposes o axial coding are to sort,
  synthesize, and organize large amounts of data
  and reassemble them in new ways after open
  coding.

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Theoretical coding (????)

• Theoretical coding is a sophisticated level of
  coding that follows the codes you have selected
  during focused coding.
• conceptualizing how the substantive codes may
  relate to each other as hypotheses to be
  integrated into a theory.
• In short, theoretical codes specify possible
  relationships between categories you have
  developed in your focused coding.

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Grounded theory coding (??)
Theoretical coding
specify possible relationships between categories
you have developed in your focused coding.
to sort, synthesize, and organize large amounts
of data and reassemble them in new ways after
open coding.
These codes are more directed, selective, and
conceptual
Word-by-word coding Line-by-line coding Coding
incident to incident
Axial coding
Focused coding
Open coding
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Grounded theory coding (??)
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Grounded theory methods
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Grounded theory
data
Coding
Theoretical sampling
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Reducing problems in coding

• Wrestling with preconceptions.
• Our preconceptions may only become apparent when
  our taken-for-granted standpoints are challenged.
• How and what record affects what you have to
  code.

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Memo-writing

• Methods for producing memos rely on making them
  spontaneous, not mechanical.
• write memos to serve analytic purposes
• We write our memos in informal, unofficial
  language for personal use.
• Freewriting

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Theoretical sampling, saturation, and sorting

• Theoretical sampling prompts you to retrace your
  steps or take a new path when you have some
  tentative categories and emerging, but incomplete
  ideas.
• By going back into the empirical world and
  collecting more data about the properties of your
  category, you can saturate its properties with
  data and write more memos, making them more
  analytic as you proceed.
• Afterwards, you are ready to sort and integrate
  memos on your theoretical categories.

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The logic of theoretical sampling

• Theoretical sampling involves starting with data,
  constructing tentative ideas about the data, and
  then examining these ideas through further
  empirical inquiry.
• Writing memos has already enabled you to flag
  incomplete categories and gaps in your analysis.
• Find needed data to fill gaps and to saturate
  categories.

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Moving toward emergent objectives

• To delineate the properties of a category
• To check hunches(??) about categories
• To saturate the properties of a category
• To distinguish between categories
• To clarify relationships between emerging
  categories
• To identify variation in a process.

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Conducting theoretical sampling

• Specifying the relevant properties of your
  categories
• Increasing the precision of your categories
• Providing the substance to move your material
  from description to analysis
• Making your analysis more abstract and
  generalizable
• Grounding your conjectures(??) in data
• Explicating the analytic links between or among
  categories
• Increasing the parsimony of your theoretical
  statements.

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Saturating theoretical categories

• When do you stop gathering data?
• Stop when your categories are saturated.
• Categories are saturated when gathering fresh
  data no longer sparks new theoretical insights,
  nor reveals new properties of your core
  theoretical categories.

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Theoretical sorting, diagramming and integrating

• Sorting, diagramming, and integrating your memos
  are inter-related processes.
• Your sorting may integrate the analysis and a
  diagram may simultaneously sort and integrate it.
• The visual image of a diagram may suggest the
  content and direction of the analysis as well as
  its form.

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Grounded theory methods

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Theory (??)
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data
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Grounded theory from order to disorder to order
Theoretical sampling and sorting order
Coding order
Grounded
Focused, category, and axial coding disorder
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Regarding writing

• Making your mark
• Drafting discoveries
• Revising early drafts
• Pulling the pieces together
• Constructing arguments
• Scrutinizing (????) categories
• Returning to the library
• Literature reviews
• Theoretical frameworks
• Rendering(??) through writing

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Out-of-the box thinking
http//mom2zero.blogspot.tw/2011_09_01_archive.htm
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To think out of the box is to think creatively.

1. Increase your curiosity
2. Consider Multiple Perspectives
3. Develop a routine
4. Be Resourceful
5. Tapping your Right Brain (??????)
6. Self-Hypnosis (????)
7. Become Imaginative

7 Ways on How to Think Out of the Box Improving
Creativity

1. ??Grounded theory,????(??),??????(??)?

http//jaeldungca.blogspot.tw/2011/08/7-ways-on-ho
w-to-think-out-of-box.html
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?2?????Grounded theory,????(??),??????(??)?
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(2012/12/25)
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Are You?
http//empoweredonlineentrepreneurs.com/marketing-
psychology/living-a-life-out-of-the-box/
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• Ayo NUTN website
• http//myweb.nutn.edu.tw/hycheng/

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Quality ManagementPDCAct
Everyone cares about quality.
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ance/index.html
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