Anatomy Terminology

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Anatomy Terminology

• Chapter 1

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Anatomy

• The study of the structure of an organism
• Descriptive anatomy relates the individual parts
  of the body to functional systems
• Pathological anatomy refers to changes in
  structure as they relate to disease
• Gross /Microscopic Anatomy refers to levels of
  visibility of structures under study
• Developmental Anatomy studies the growth and
  development of the organism

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Related Disciplines

• Cytology/Histology study cells and tissues
• Myology examines muscle form and function
• Arthrology studies the joint system for bones
• Osteology studies form and function of bones
• Neurology studies the nervous system

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Physiology

• The study of the function of the living organism
  and its parts as well as the chemical processes
  involved.

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Teratogen

• Causes teratogenesis
• The development of a severely malformed fetus
• Its effect must occur during prenatal development
• Alcohol- Fetal Alcohol syndrome, mental
  retardation, microcephaly
• Tobacco- growth retardation
• Heroin and morphine-Neonatal convulsions,
  tremors, death

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Regions of the Body

• Trunk-Torso
• Thorax- Chest
• Abdomen-anterior abdominal wall
• Dorsal trunk
• Back
• Pelvis
• Hip bones
• Head
• Cranial portion- houses the brain and its
  components
• Facial portion- houses the mouth, pharynx, nasal
  cavity, and structures related to the upper
  airway and mastication

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Regions of the Body

• Lower Extremity
• Thigh, Leg, Ankle, and Foot
• Upper Extremity
• Arm, forearm, Wrist and Hand

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Orientation

• Anatomical Position
• Body is erect
• Palms, arms and hands face forward
• Axial Skeleton
• Head and Trunk
• Spinal column is the axis
• Appendicular Skeleton
• Includes the lower and upper limbs

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Planes of the Body

• Illustration p.5
• Transverse Section
• Divides body into upper and lower halves
• Midsagittal Section
• Divides body into right and left
• Coronal Section
• Divides body into front and back halves

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Terms of Spatial Orientation

• AnteriorVentral- Front of the Body
• PosteriorDorsal- Back of the Body
• Peripheral-Away from the center
• Superficial-Near the surface
• Deep- Further from the surface
• External- outside
• Internal- within the body
• Prone-on the belly
• Supine- on the back

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Terms of Spatial Orientation

• Lateral- toward the side
• Rostral- toward the head
• Proximal- toward the origin of a structure of the
  body (up)- in reference to limbs
• Flexion-bending at a joint
• Extension- extend out, stretch
• Dorsiflexion-Bending that brings dorsal (back)
  surfaces
• closer together e.g. Hyperextension (knee, back)
• Distal- away from midline (down)- in reference to
  limbs
• Medial- towards the midline

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Types of Tissues

• Epithelial Tissue
• Connective Tissue
• Muscular Tissue
• Nervous Tissue

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The organization of Tissue
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Types of Tissues
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Types of Tissues
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Types of Tissues
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Epithelial Tissue

• Superficial layer of mucous membranes and the
  cells constituting the skin
• Shortage of intercellular material
• Tightly packed sheet, a protective quality
• May be many layers
• Lines nearly all of the cavities of the body as
  well as the tubes that connect them
• May have cilia or hair-like protrusions that
  actively beat to remove contaminants from the
  epithelial surface

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Epithelial Tissue
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Connective Tissue

• Most complex specialized for the purposes of
  support and protection
• Composed predominantly of intercellular material,
  known as the matrix
• May be solid, liquid or gel-like
• Areolar Tissue-loose connective tissue
• Fibrous Tissue-binds structures together
• Cartilage has unique properties of strength and
  elasticity

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Connective Tissue

• Blood- fluid component is plasma and blood cells
  are suspended in this matrix
• Bone-hardest of all connective tissues- compact
  and spongy.

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Connective Tissue
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Muscle Tissue

• Are capable of being stimulated to contract
• Striated-skeletal muscle- it is used to move
  skeletal structures
• Smooth muscle- digestive tract and blood vessels,
  generally sheetlike with spindle-shaped cells
• Cardiac muscle- cells interconnect in a net like
  fashion
• P. 15 for illustration

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Muscle Tissue
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Muscle Tissue
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Nervous Tissue

• Highly specialized communicative tissue
• Consists of neurons or nerve cells that take on a
  variety of forms
• Transmits information from one neuron to another
• Transmits information from neurons to muscles
• Transmits information from sensory receptors to
  other neural structures

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Nervous Tissue
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Tissue Aggregates

• The basic body tissues are used to form larger
  structures
• Organs
• Bones
• Muscles
• Joints

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Tissue Aggregates

• Fascia- surrounds organs, being a sheet-like
  membrane that may be either dense or filmy, thin,
  or thick.
• Ligaments-binds organs together or hold
  structures in place
• Tendons-provides a means of attaching muscle to
  bone or cartilage
• Bones-Provide a rigid skeletal support and
  protect organs and soft tissues

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Tissue Aggregates

• Bones
• All bone begins as a cartilaginous mass
• Points of articulation or joining between bones
  are comprised of cartilage
• Rigid skeletal support
• Protect organs and soft tissues
• Characterized by length or shape
• Blood cell production occurs within the cavities
  of the spongy bone trabeculae
• Illustration P. 19

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Tissue Aggregates

• Joints
• Union of bones with other bones, or cartilage
  with other cartilage
• Classified based on the degree of movement they
  permit
• Synarthrodial/ Fibrous joints- have little
  movement, i.e. joints between bones in the skull
  (suture between the two parietal bones), a socket
  and tooth
• Ampiarthrodial/ Cartilaginous joints-permit
  limited mobility, cartilage provides the union
  between two bones, i.e. between the disks of the
  vertebral column
• Diarthrodial/ Synovial joints-Highly mobile ,
  lubricating synovial fluid is contained within
  the articular capsule
• Sutures- see p. 22 for illustration and
  description

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Synarthrodial (Fibrous)
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Ampiarthrodial (Cartilage)
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Diarthrodial (Synovial)
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Tissue Aggregates

• Muscle
• Bound groups of muscle fibers with functional
  unity
• Fascia covers them
• Endowed with a tendon to permit attachment to
  skeletal structure
• Have a nerve supply to provide stimulation of the
  contracting bundle of tissue
• Have a vascular supply to meet their nutrient
  needs
• Can contract to approximately one-half its
  original length

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Tissue Aggregates

• Muscle
• Exert force only by shortening the distance
  between two points and can contract only in a
  straight line
• OriginPoint of attachment of the least mobile
  element
• InsertionPoint of attachment that moves as a
  result of muscle contraction
• Agonists Muscles that move a structure
• AntagonistsMuscles that oppose a given movement
• SynergistsMuscles that stabilize structures
• Are innervated or supplied by a single nerve

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Body Systems

• Respiratory Systems
• Respiratory passageway, lungs, trachea
• Phonatory System
• Components of the respiratory system, laryngeal
  structures and the digestive system
• Articulatory System
• Parts of the anatomically defined digestive and
  respiratory systems (tongue, lips, teeth, soft
  palate, etc.)
• Resonatory System
• Nasal cavity, soft palate and portions of the
  respiratory and digestive systems