Medical Terminology

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Medical Terminology

• Genitourinary System
• Chapter 12

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Anatomy and Physiology

• Structures
• two kidneys, two ureters, bladder, urethra
• monitors, regulates extracellular fluids
• excretes harmful substances in urine
• nitrogenous wastes (urea)
• returns useful substances to bloodstream
• maintain balance of water, electrolytes (salts),
  acids, pH in the body fluids

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Macroscopic Structures

• ren/o and nephr/o
• cortex, medulla
• renal artery, renal vein
• renal pelvis
• ureter
• urethra

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Excretion

• urination
• micturition
• voiding

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Microscopic Structures

• nephron
• glomerulus glomerul/o
• renal pelvis pyel/
• filtration, reabsorption, secretion

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Formation of Urine

• blood filtered to glomerulus
• capillary walls thin
• blood pressure higher inside capillaries than
  in Bowmans capsule

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Formation of Urine

• causes filtration of fluid into capsule
• this fluid is initial urine and equivalentto
  protein free plasma

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Formation of Urine

• in healthy nephron, neither protein nor RBCs
  filter into capsule
• in proximal tubule, most of nutrients and large
  amount of water reabsorbed back to capillaries
• salts selectively reabsorbed according to bodys
  needs
• water reabsorbed with salts

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Formation of Urine

• nitrogen-containing waste products of protein
  metabolism, urea and creatinine, pass on through
  tubules to be excreted in urine
• urine from all collecting ducts empties into
  renal pelvis
• urine moves down ureters to bladder
• empties via urethra

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• An obstruction along this path can set the stage
  for infection. Obstruction may be kidney
  stone enlarged prostate gland or tumor.
• Any blockage causes stasis and diminished flow
  of urine, and bacteria thrive in the stagnant
  fluid

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Male Reproductive System

• Functions
• produce sperm
• transport viable sperm

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• Testes or testicles
• seminiferous tubules
• produce sperm
• secrete testosterone
• Scrotum or scrotal sac
• epididymis
• stores sperm
• vas deferens
• ejaculatory duct

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Urethra and Penis

• Urethra is the common reproductive and urinary
  channel
• Penis is the male sex organ that transports sperm
  into the female vagina
• glans penis covered by prepuce or foreskin
• prepuce or foreskin removed during circumcision

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Pathology of the Urinary System
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Pyelonephritis

• caused by pyogenic E. coli, Streptocci,
  Staphylococci
• infections usually ascend that originate in lower
  tract or may be descending infection carried by
  bloodstream or lymph
• any obstruction paves way for infection due to
  stagnation of urine
• bacteriuria, pyuria, hematuria

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Acute Glomerulonephritis

• common, children and young adults
• often from previous streptococcal infection
  strep throat, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever.
• chills, fever, anorexia, malaise, edema
• albuminuria, hematuria, casts often present
• a degenerative inflammation of glomeruli

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• Glomerular membrane inflammed
• permeable, proteinuria, casts
• May have repeated episodes called
• chronic glomerulonephritis

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Nephrolithiasis

• Dissolved urine salts begin to solidify
• asymptomatic
• size increase may result in obstruction
• intense radiating pain from kidney area to groin
  - colic
• stone may block flow of urine
• hydronephrosis

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Nephrolithiasis

• can be partially dissolved by medication then
  passed
• may be crushed by lithotripsy
• if immersed in water - hydrolithotripsy
• if performed out of water - nephrotripsy
• nephrolith, nephrolithiasis, ureterolith,
  cystolith

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Bladder Neck Obstruction

• Blockage of bladder outlet
• causes
• prostatic hypertrophy
• calculus, blood clot, tumor
• cystitis

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Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

• Prostate enlarges and decreases size of urethral
  lumen
• Retained urine - cystitis - nephritis
• transurethral resection (TURP)

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Acute Tubular Necrosis

• Ischemia, Nephrotoxic injury
• oliguria
• hypercalcemia

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Carcinoma of the Prostate

• dysuria, frequency, hematuria
• bilateral orchiectomy

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End of Chapter 12
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