1. Water

1
1. Water
2
Water forms hydrogen bonds between molecules,
with the force of attraction coming between
opposite poles
Due to its polar structure when water freezes it
traps oxygen thus making it less dense and able
to float
O
H
H
Water is the universal solvent, meaning that most
substances dissolve in it.
Water (H2O) is made of two hydrogen atoms and one
oxygen atom. They are held together by polar
bonds which give a slight and charge to
opposite sides
3
1. When the cells of most organisms freeze, they
burst. Which property of water causes this to
occur?

• a. Water is a universal solvent
• b. Water changes temperatures rapidly
• c. Water is less dense as a solid than as a
  liquid
• d. Water is a nonpolar molecule

4
2. What characteristic of Part 1 of Structure A
gives it the ability to attract water molecules?
Structure A

• a. acidity
• b. conductivity
• c. density
• d. polarity

5
2. Macromolecules
6
Used in cellular respiration
Used for Energy
Make up cell membranes
Glucose created in photosynthesis
Steroids, hormones, fats, waxes
Subunits Simple Sugars
Make up sugars
Subunits Fatty acids
Lipids
Carbohydrate
Four Basic Macromolecules
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Subunits Nucleotides
Make up DNA RNA
Subunits Amino Acids
Stores genetic info
Made of sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous bases
Created in the ribosomes
Used to create proteins
Make up enzymes
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine on both DNA and RNA
DNA Thymine RNA Uracil
7
The major role of carbohydrates in the human diet
is to

1. form cell membranes
2. catalyze cellular reactions
3. supply energy for the body
4. provide building blocks for proteins

8
Which of these supply the main energy source used
in cellular respiration?

1. Lipids
2. amino acids
3. nucleic acids
4. carbohydrates

9
The cell wall of a plant helps the plant cell
maintain its shape. What is the main structural
component of the cell wall of a plant?

1. Lipid
2. Cellulose
3. amino acid
4. nucleic acid

10
Which statement describes the major role of
lipids within a cell?

1. They cause DNA to replicate
2. The move RNA in the cytoplasm
3. The catalyze chemical reactions in the cell
   cytoplasm
4. The are the main structural components of
   membranes

11
A dog gets many nutrients from its food including
amino acids. Which of these can be built directly
using the amino acids

1. Proteins
2. Carbohydrates
3. Lipids
4. minerals

12
Which of these are the repeating units that form
a DNA molecule?

1. fatty acids
2. Nucleotides
3. amino acids
4. chromosomes

13
Cardinals are birds that spend the winter in
Maryland. Many people feed them sunflower seeds
during the winter months. Some of the
carbohydrates in the cardinals diet come from
these seeds. Describe- the building blocks of
carbohydrates- how the sunflower produce
carbohydrates- how carbohydrates are used by
living organisms
14

• 1 building block of carbs are sugars
• 1/2 identify photosynthesis as process that
  produces carbs
• 1/2 identify that sunlight is trapped by
  chloroplasts to get initial energy
• 1/2 oxygen and glucose (sugar) are the waste
  products
• 1/2 living organisms use cellular respiration to
  create energy
• 1/2 oxygen and glucose are broken down to create
  ATP
• 1/2 ATP used as energy

15
3. Enzymes
16
Reactants ? ProductsReaction
17
Enzymes

• A molecule that increases the speed of a
  biochemical reactions by lowering the energy
  needed to start a reaction

18
Substrate
Active Site
Enzyme
19
(No Transcript)
20
Environmental Effects on Enzyme Action Environmental Effects on Enzyme Action Environmental Effects on Enzyme Action Environmental Effects on Enzyme Action
Temperature pH Amount of Substrate Amount of Enzymes

21
What molecules control the reaction rate of
photosynthesis?

1. Sugars
2. Enzymes
3. Fatty acids
4. Nucleic acids

22
Which of these most affected in the cells of
goldfish when the water temperature is lowered?

1. enzyme activity
2. pH level
3. DNA base sequence
4. Salt concentration

23
The table below lists the enzymes that function
in different locations in the human body, and the
normal pH and temperature ranges of these
locations
Location of Enzyme Enzyme pH Ranges of location Temperature (Celsius) ranges of location
Mouth Salivary amylase 6.0-7.0 36.7-37.0
Stomach Pepsin 2.0-3.0 37.3-37.6
Small Intestine Pancreatic amylase, trypsin, lipase 7.5-9.0 37.3-37.6

• Use your understanding of the structure and
  function of enzymes to- Predict how the
  activity of pepsin will change after it moves
  from the stomach to the small intestine- Explain
  your prediction using data from t he
  tableDescribe how change sin pH and temperature
  affect enzyme activityPredict how a fever of 40
  degrees Celsius would affect enzyme activity

24

• 1/2 pepsin activity will decrease as it moves
  from the stomach to the small intestine
• 1/2 this is due to an increase in pH
• 1/2 data used from table
• 1/2 enzymes work best at a certain pH
• 1/2 enzymes work best at a certain temperature
• 1/2 extremes denature enzymes by distorting
  active site
• 1/2 identify that 40 degrees is above
  temperature range of all listed enzymes
• 1/2 all activity will slow due to temperature
  increase

25
4. Cells
26
Organelle Buzz Word Function
Mitochondria Nucleus Ribosome Cell Membrane Cell Wall Chloroplast Vacuole Lysosome Energy production Control center Protein Synthesis Cell Transport /Diffusion/Osmosis Made of lipids Protection structure/made of cellulose Traps Sun/creates sugars Storage Cell Digestion
27
Plant Cell Cell Wall Chloroplasts Vacuole
Animal Cell Lysosome No Cell Wall Eukaryotic
28
Researchers have discovered a toxin that stops
cells from releasing stored energy. Cells exposed
to this toxin cannot carry out many of their
normal processesWhich of these cell organelles
are most directly affected by this toxin?

• a. ribosomes
• b. chloroplasts
• c. mitochondria
• d. vacuoles

29
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between
the body and the air occurs in the lungs. This
exchange of gases takes place at the cellular
level. What part of the cell is primarily
responsible for this exchange?

• the cell membrane
• the nucleus
• the cell wall
• the ribosome

30
Which of these organelles in animal cells provide
energy for cell activities?

• Mitochondria
• Chloroplasts
• Ribosomes
• nuclei

31
Cyanide is a poison that prevents mitochondria
from using oxygen. As a result, the mitochondria
cannot produce

• Lipids
• Sugar
• Minerals
• energy

32
Maryland white oak trees make their own food.
Their cells contain structures that capture
energy from the sun. What are these structures?

• a. chloroplasts
• b. nuclei
• c. mitochondria
• d. ribosomes

33
In Eukaryotes, which of these organelles are used
to make sugars?

• Flagella
• Ribosomes
• Mitochondria
• chloroplasts

34
Which structure in a cell is used to release
energy in the cell?

• a. nucleus
• b. cell wall
• c. chrloroplasts
• d. mitochondrion

35
5. Cell Transport
36
Ion Pump A protein in the cell membrane that
pumps ions against the gradient
Exocytosis large particles leave the cell by
means of a vesicle
Active Transport
- Requires energy - Typically goes against
concentration gradient
Passive Transport
Endocytosis large particles enter cell by means
of a vesicle
Transport particles nutrients into and out of
the cell
Diffusion Movement of particles from an area of
high concentration to low concentration
- Works with the concentration gradient - Does
not require energy
Osmosis Movement of water across the cell
membrane
37
Which of these is the process by which water
moves across a selectively permeable membrane?

1. Osmosis
2. Transpiration
3. capillary action
4. active transport

38
If the dialysis sac is permeable only to water
and iodine, what will the solutions in the beaker
and the sac look like after two hours?

1. The iodine solution in the beaker will turn
   blue-black the starch solution will not change
2. The starch solution in the dialysis sac will turn
   blue-black the iodine solution will not change.
3. Neither solution will turn blue-black
4. Both solution will turn blue-black

39
Which of these processes is demonstrated by the
experiment shown in the diagram?

• a. cellular respiration
• b. active transport
• c. endocytosis
• d. diffusion

40

• In an experiment, a group of students placed ten
  raisins in a container with 100 milliliters of
  water. They covered the container and let the
  raisins sit overnight. The students removed the
  raisins from the container and observed that they
  were larger. They also observed that the volume
  of water in the container had decreased.
• What happened to the raisins to cause the raisins
  to become larger? In your response be sure to
• name the process that caused the raisins to
  become larger
• describe how this process caused the raisins to
  become larger
• explain the role of this process in living systems

41

• 1 identified osmosis as the process
• 1 defined the term osmosis
• 1/2 described there was a concentration
  difference inside and outside the membrane
• 1/2 mentions and explains passive transport
• 1 describes how water cross through cell
  membranes in order to maintain cell processes

42

• How do living systems control the movement of
  materials into and out of cells?
• In your response be sure to
• identify the cell structures and body systems
  involved
• describe the functions of the cell structures and
  body systems involved
• identify and describe the processes responsible
  for the movement of materials into and out of the
  cells

43

• 1/2 identifies and describes active transport
• 1/2 identifies and describes passive transport
• 1/2 identifies the cell membrane as a
  semi-permeable membrane that controls the flow of
  substances into and out of cell
• 1/2 identifies proteins on the cell membrane as
  a means of active transport
• 1 identifies osmosis and diffusion as passive
  transport and describe each
• 1 identifies ion pumps, endocytosis, and
  exocytosis as active transport and describe each

44
6. Body Systems
45
Body Systems Key Word(s) Role
Endocrine Chemicals Releases chemicals/hormones in order to direct life functions
Skeletal Structure Protects and gives structure to the body
Excretory Removal of wastes Removes metabolic wastes from the body
Nervous Communication Sends signals from the brain to other parts of the body
Circulatory Transport Transports nutrients to all parts of the body using vascular tissues
Respiratory Exchange of gases Exchanges carbon dioxide and oxygen between the environment
Digestive Absorption Absorbs nutrients from food into the body
46
Which body system produces chemicals that act at
different sites in the body

• the circulatory system
• the endocrine system
• the excretory system
• the skeletal system

47
In the human body, which of these systems
transports sugars to the cells where they are
used

• Excretory
• Respiratory
• Circulatory
• digestive

48
Which of these is not a direct function of the
skeletal system

• a. blood circulation
• b. muscle attachment
• c. support of the body
• d. protection of the organs

49
What is the primary role of the endocrine system

1. to produce chemicals that affect other parts of
   the body
2. to remove waste products from the blood
3. to defend the body against illness and infection
4. to coordinate movement of the body

50
Which system in the frog produces chemicals that
regulate functions in different parts of its body

• respiratory system
• excretory system
• endocrine system
• circulatory system

51
Which of these organ systems is responsible for
the removal of metabolic wastes from the blood

• Endocrine
• Nervous
• Respiratory
• excretory

52
Which of these body systems transports glucose
and other substances in the blood to the cells of
the body

• digestive system
• endocrine system
• circulatory system
• reproductive system

53
7. Homeostasis
54
Homeostasis the maintenance of a constant
internal environment by making changes to the
internal or external environment
55
Equilibrium the state of homeostasis where all
factors are balanced or at optimal levels
56
Maintaining Homeostasis Maintaining Homeostasis Maintaining Homeostasis
Input Change in equilibrium Influx of sugar into system
Receptor/Sensor Detects the change Body detects high blood sugar
Control Center/Integrator Receives info from and decides on the way to return to equilibrium Brain tells pancreas to release insulin
Effector Change in body made in order to return to homeostasis Pancreas releases insulin
Output Return to equilibrium Bodys blood sugar level returns to normal
57
Which of these is an example of feedback in a
biological system?

• a. the movement of salts from cells in the
  bloodstream
• b. the release of insulin into the bloodstream
  when blood sugar increases
• c. the decrease in oxygen levels in the blood
  after vigorous exercise
• d. the use of energy when muscles contract

58
Birds, mammals, and theropod dinosaurs can
maintain a constant body temperature. The ability
to maintain a constant body temperature. The
ability to maintain a constant body temperature
is an example of

• Respiration
• Homeostasis
• a reptilian trait
• an acquired trait

59

• Mammals are exposed to a variety of outside
  temperatures. However, they are able to maintain
  a constant internal body temperature.
• Describe ways that mammals warm and cool
  themselves in response to their environment
• Include in your response
• an example of a mammal and its environment
• both body structures and activities they use
• specific examples of both warming and cooling

60

• 1/2 named a mammal
• 1/2 named its environment
• 1 body structures identified (hair, fat
  deposits, muscles, etc.) that are used to
  maintain body temperature
• 1 warming activities identified (shivering,
  sitting in sun, feeding, seeking shelter)
• 1 cooling activities identified (sweating,
  seeking water, seeking shade)

61
8. Photosynthesis
62
LIGHT
Chlorophyll, a pigment in the chloroplast absorbs
sunlight energy
CO2
Forms glucose
Oxygen is released as a waste product
Used in cellular respiration
63
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Water (H2O) ? Glucose
(C6H12O6) Oxygen (O2)
64

• Light Intensity
• The rate of photosynthesis increases as light
  intensity increases, till all the pigments reach
  saturation point, then it levels out

65

• Carbon Dioxide Concentration
• The rate of photosynthesis increases till all the
  pigments reach their saturation point then level
  off

66

• Temperature
• The rate of photosynthesis is optimal at a
  certain temperature, too extreme and it decreases

67
A scientist wants to study photosynthesis in a
newly discovered species. Which of these cell
structures should the scientist study

1. Vacuoles
2. Chloroplasts
3. Mitochondria
4. ribosomes

68
During photosynthesis, trees convert carbon
dioxide and other materials to

1. Lipids
2. amino acids
3. nucleic acids
4. sugars

69
In a recent experiment, scientists studied the
effects of increased carbon dioxide levels on the
growth of pine trees. The scientists observed
that increases levels of carbon dioxide resulted
in a increase in the average circumference of the
tree trunks. The change in circumference is a
results of process of

• Osmosis
• Adaptation
• Transpiration
• photosynthesis

70
Elodea, a freshwater plant, releases gas bubbles
when it is placed in direct light. In an
investigation, a student placed a lamp at
different distances from an aquarium containing
Elodea. The student counted the number of bubbles
produced by the Elodea plant. What energy
source is used by Elodea?

• Heat
• Light
• Oxygen
• carbon dioxide

71
The bubbles released by Elodea contain mostly?

• oxygen
• carbon dioxide
• Nitrogen
• water vapor

72
The energy required for photosynthesis is
provided by

• Proteins
• Sunlight
• Chlorophyll
• carbohydrates

73
9. Resp. vs. Chemo. Vs. Photo.
74
Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Chemosynthesis
What is it? Process by which sunlight and carbon dioxide are used to create glucose Process by which oxygen and glucose are used to create ATP (energy) Process by which organisms who live in harsh conditions create their own food from inorganic chemicals
75
Initial Energy Source Sun Glucose Inorganic Compounds
76
Inputs (needs) Carbon Dioxide Light Water Oxygen Glucose Inorganic Compounds
77
Outputs (wastes) Oxygen Glucose Carbon Dioxide X
78
Where does it occur? Chloroplasts Mitochondria Prokaryotes
79
Types of organisms Plants Plants animals Bacteria
80
Autotrophs or Heterotrophs Autotrophs Heterotrophs Autotrophs
81
Which of these best describes the process of
chemosynthesis

1. DNA molecules are formed
2. Cell membranes are constructed
3. Food is produced using energy from inorganic
   compounds
4. Food is produced using energy from light

82
One of the organelles in a cell releases energy
from sugars. What is this process called?

• Respiration
• Transpiration
• Photosynthesis
• chemosynthesis

83
Compare the function of chloroplasts and
mitochondria in a cell. In your response,
include- the name of the process that occurs
in each organelle- the products of each
process- the importance of each process to the
cell
84

• 1/2 chloroplasts photosynthesis
• 1/2 mitochondria cellular respiration
• 1/2 define photosynthesis
• 1/2 define cellular respiration
• 1/2 products photo. oxygen glucose
• 1/2 products respire. carbon dioxide
• 1/2 photosynthesis is important because it
  creates the sugars (food) necessary for
  autotrophs to survive
• 1/2 respiration is important because it is the
  energy producing processes used to create ATP for
  use during body functions

85
10. Mitosis vs. Meiosis
86
Homologous Chromosomes

• Pairs of the same chromosome

87
Crossing Over

• Process by which alleles on homologous
  chromosomes are exchanged creating genetically
  unique combinations of genes

88
Diploid Cells (2n)

• Cells with two sets of chromosomes (homologous),
  body cells

89
Haploid Cells

• Cells with one set of chromosomes, gamete

90
Sex Cells/Gametes

• Haploid cells with only one set of chromosomes

91
Somatic/Body Cells

• Diploid cells that are all cells except sex cells

92
Mitosis Meiosis
Purpose To create genetically identical cells for the purpose of cell growth and repair To create genetically unique sex cells and reduce number of chromosomes for sexual reproduction
Types of Cells Involved Body Cells Sex Cells
Beginning of Process Diploid or Haploid Diploid Diploid
End of Process Diploid or Haploid Diploid Haploid
Cells at End Genetically Identical or Unique Genetically Identical Genetically Unique
Does crossing over occur No Yes
93
Unique combinations of genes are created and thus
passed onto offspring
Two homologous chromosomes
During meiosis, when homologous pair come
together (one from mother and one from father),
portions/genes are exchanged
94
Each body cell in an earthworm contains 36
chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in each of
its gametes?

1. 18
2. 36
3. 54
4. 72

95
Which of these represents the number of
chromosomes in cells before and after the process
of meiosis?

1. n ? n
2. n ? 2n
3. 2n? n
4. 2n ? 2n

96
After an egg cell containing 16 chromosomes is
fertilized, how many chromosomes will be present
in the zygote?

1. 8
2. 16
3. 32
4. 64

97
A sperm cell of a moth has 112 chromosomes. How
many chromosomes are in the moths wing cells?

1. 66
2. 112
3. 224
4. 448

98
Reproductive cells are produced during

1. Mitosis
2. Meiosis
3. Fertilization
4. Budding

99
Which of these is produced as a result of
fertilization?

• a. A zygote with twice the number of chromosomes
  as a gamete
• b. An egg with half the number of chromosomes as
  a zygote
• c. A gamete with twice the number of chromosomes
  as a zygote
• d. A zygote with half the number of chromosomes
  as a gamete

100
Some coral cells undergo meiosis. Which of these
would not occur during meiosis?

• a. Formation of a zygote
• b. Chromosomes crossing-over
• c. Production of gametes
• d. Reduction in the number of chromosomes

101
Which of these does not occur during meiosis?

• a. Production of identical gametes
• b. Production of new gene combinations
• c. Crossing over of homologous chromosomes
• d. Reduction of chromosome number by one-half

102
Horses have 64 chromosomes in each body cell. If
a horse cell undergoes meiosis, how many
chromosomes should be in each gamete?

• a. 16
• b. 32
• c. 64
• d. 128

103
One kind of chromosomal mutation can occur during
meiosis when a pair of chromosomes that carry
genes for the same trait fail to separate. Which
of these represents the sex chromosomes of a male
organism when this type of chromosomal mutation
has occurred?

• a. XXY
• b. XX
• c. XY
• d. XXX

104
11. DNA vs. RNA
105
Nitrogen Bases
Phosphate Group
Sugar
Nucleotide
106
DNA Double Stranded (double helix) Thymine Deo
xyribose Stores genetic info
RNA Single Stranded Uracil Ribose Involved
in protein synthesis
Both Nucleic Acids Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine
107
Type of RNA Purpose Location
mRNA Transcribes DNA triplets and transports it to ribosome Nucleus Cytoplasm
tRNA Translates mRNAs codons and affixes amino acids Cytoplasm/Ribosome
rRNA Makes up the structural component of ribosomes Ribosomes
108
Look at the DNA Sequence GAA TTC GCA. What do
the G and A represent in the DNA sequence?

• a. Sugars
• b. Amino acids
• c. Phosphates
• d. Nitrogen bases

109
Which of these are the repeating units that form
a DNA molecules?

1. Fatty acids
2. Nucleotides
3. Amino acids
4. Chromosomes

110
Which of these represents the structure of
messenger RNA?
111
Which of the following is correctly matched with
its function?

1. rRNA contains codes to make new riobsomes
2. DNA carries the amino acids to the ribosomes
3. tRNA combines with proteins to make up
   ribosomes
4. mRNA carries genetic codes from nucleus to the
   ribosomes

112
The genetic information for making a protein must
move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Which of
these moves this information to the cytoplasm.

1. A ribosome
2. DNA
3. RNA
4. An amino acid

113
Which of these is a nucleotide

• a. 1
• b. 2
• c. 3
• d. 4

114
Which of these is a sugar

• a. 1
• b. 2
• c. 3
• d. 4

115
What is one role of transfer RNA in the cell?

• a. Preparing the genes for messenger RNA
• b. Changing nitrogen bases into amino acids
• c. Preparing messenger RNA for the ribosome
• d. Carrying amino acids to the ribosome

116
12. Genetics
117
Term What it Means Genotype
Dominant Trait A trait that is always expressed in a phenotype regardless of other alleles present A
Recessive A trait that is only expressed in a phenotype if it is the only type of allele that is present a
Homozygous A genotype in which all alleles are the same, whether they are dominant or recessive AA or aa
Heterozygous A genotype in which alleles are different Aa
118
Phenotype

• The physical expression of ones genotype

119
Genotype

• The combination of alleles and genes

120
Cross Aa versus Aa

• A a
• A AA Aa
• a Aa aa
• Genotype AAAaaa, 121, 255025 Phenotype
  n/a

121
A cross between a tall plant (TT) and another
tall plant

• T T
• T TT TT
• t Tt Tt
• Genotype TTTt, 11, 5050
• Phenotype Tall, 1, 100

122
A cross between a homozygous dominant person with
Brown Eyes (B) and a homozygous recessive person
with blue eyes (b)

• B B
• b Bb Bb
• b Bb Bb
• Genotype Bb, 1, 100
• Phenotype Brown, 1, 100

123
In humans, the trait for having a second toe that
is longer than the big toe (T) is dominant the
trait for having a second toe that is shorter
than the big toe (t) is recessive. A family has
eight children. Six children have second toes
that are longer than the big toe. Two children
have second toes that are shorter than the big
toe. What are the most likely genotypes of the
parents?

• Tt and Tt
• Tt and tt
• TT and tt
• TT and TT

124
In one plant, the allele for long stems (L) is
dominant the allele for short stems (l) is
recessive. The scientists crossed a heterozygous,
long-stemmed plant with a short-stemmed plant.
Which of these shows the expected results of this
cross?

• a. 50 long stemmed plants and 50 short stemmed
  plants
• b. 75 long stemmed plants and 25 short stemmed
  plants
• c. 100 long stemmed plants
• d. 100 short stemmed plants

125
A scientist crossed a tall pea plant with a short
pea plant. All of the four hundred offspring
produced were tall pea plants. Which of these
explains these results?

• The allele for tall pea plants is dominant
• The offspring are homozygous dominant
• The allele for short pea plants is dominant
• The offspring inherited a new mutation

126
In humans, the allele for dimples (D) is
dominant. The allele for not having dimples is
recessive. A woman (DD) and a man (Dd) have four
children. Which of these is the predicted ratio
of the children with dimples to the children
without dimples?

• 10
• 11
• 13
• 31

127
In humans, the allele for unattached earlobes (E)
is dominant. The allele for attached earlobes (e)
is recessive. A woman who is heterozygous for
this trait marries a man who has attached
earlobes. What is the probability that this
couples child will have unattached earlobes?

1. 25
2. 50
3. 75
4. 100

128
The presence of absence of freckles is determined
by one gene. The allele for freckles (F) is
dominant and the allele for the absence of
freckles (f) is recessive. A couple has several
children. All of the children have freckles
because their parents genotypes can only produce
children with freckles. Which of these are most
likely the genotypes of the two parents?

• Ff and ff
• FF and ff
• Ff and Ff
• ff and ff

129
In horses, the allele for straight hair (B) is
dominant to the allele for curly hair (b). Which
of these sets of parents can produce offspring
with curly hair?

• A heterozygous male with straight hair and a
  homozygous female with straight hair
• A homozygous male with curly hair and a
  homozygous female with straight hair
• A heterozygous male with straight hair and a
  heterozygous female with straight hair
• A homozygous male with straight hair and a
  homozygous female with straight hair

130
Which of these combinations results in the
expression of a recessive trait?

• Two dominant alleles
• A dominant sex-linked allele and a Y chromosome
• Two recessive alleles
• A dominant allele and a recessive allele

131
In humans, the allele for long eyelashes is
dominant (L) and allele for short eyelashes is
recessive (l). A female who is heterozygous for
long eyelashes and a male with short eyelashes
have a child. What is the probability that their
offspring will have short eyelashes?

• a. 0
• b. 25
• c. 50
• d. 75

132
In a species of fly, the allele for red eyes (R)
is dominant to the allele for brown eyes (r).
Red eye color in the flies is not sex-linked.
Students crossed male and female flies that had
red eyes and recorded the eye color of their
offspring. Their data is shown belowWhat are
the most likely genotypes of the parent flies?

1. RR and rr
2. Rr and Rr
3. rr and rr
4. RR and Rr

133
Using the data in the table, what is the
approximate ratio of red eyed offspring to brown
eyed offspring?

• a. 11
• b. 21
• c. 31
• d. 41

134
In guinea pigs, the allele for black fur (B) is
dominant. The allele for brown fur (b) is
recessive. Two guinea pigs were crossed as shown
in the Punnett square below. Numbers 1, 2, 3, and
4 represent the types of offspring produced from
the cross.What is the probability that an
offspring from this cross would have brown fur?

• a. 0
• b. 25
• c. 50
• d. 75

135
Which of these describes the phenotypes of the
parent guinea pigs?

• Both parents have black fur
• Both parents have brown fur
• One parent has black fur, and the other brown fur
• One parent has a mixture of black and brown fur,
  and the other has black fur

136
A pair of laboratory mice are crossed to obtain
offspring. Three alleles found in the female
gamete are ABC. Three alleles found in the male
gamete are Abc

• a. AaBbCc
• b. AABBCC
• c. aabbcc
• d. AABbCc

137
One parent is homozygous dominant for brown hair
(BB). The other parent is heterozygous for brown
(Bb). What is the probability that the offspring
will have brown hair?

• a. 100
• b. 75
• c. 50
• d. 25

138
13. Protein Synthesis
139
Code Location
Triplet DNA
Codon mRNA
Anti-Codon tRNA
140
Molecule Role Location
DNA Store the genetic code nucleus
mRNA transcribe the genetic code Nucleus/cytoplasm
tRNA translate the genetic code and carrying and bond amino acids together ribosome
rRNA Form ribosomes and bind together amino acids Ribosome
Enzymes Split open the DNA so it can be copied Nucleus
Amino acids Bind together to form proteins Cytoplasm
141
Amino Acid
Protein
tRNA
Ribosomes
mRNA
142
DNA
Transcription
mRNA
Amino Acids
protein
tRNA
Translation
mRNA
Ribosome
143
DNA mRNA tRNA
A U A
C G C
T A U
G C G
G C G
A U A
T A U
C G C
T A U
144
Which RNA sequence is produced using the DNA
sequence AGC-TAC-ACT?

• UCG-AUG-UGA
• UCG-UAC-ACU
• TCG-ATG-TGA
• AGC-UAC-ACU

145
According to the diagram, in which step is
messenger RNA being constructed?

• a. I
• b. II
• c. III
• d.IV

146
Which step involves transfer RNA?

• a. I
• b. II
• c. III
• d.IV

147
Which step involves ribosomes?

• a. I
• b. II
• c. III
• d.IV

148
Hemoglobin is an important protein in red blood
cells. The DNA code for hemoglobin contains the
following segmentTGC-GGA-CTC-CTC Which of
these is the messenger RNA code for this segment
of DNA?

1. ACG-CCT-GAA-GAA
2. TCC-GGT-CTC-CTC
3. ACG-CCU-GAG-GAG
4. UGC-GGA-CUC-CUC

149
Which of the following is correctly matched with
its function?

• rRNA contains codes to make new ribosomes
• DNA carries the amino acids to the ribosomes
• tRNA combines with proteins to make up
  ribosomes
• mRNA carries genetic codes from nucleus to the
  ribosomes

150
Which of these statements best explains how genes
and proteins are related?

• a. Genes are segments of DNA that code for
  proteins
• b. Proteins are segments of DNA that code for
  genes
• c. Genes are the building blocks of proteins
• d. Proteins are the building blocks of genes

151
A strand of DNA has a nucleotide base sequence
TAC-CGG-AGT. Which of the following is the
complementary mRNA sequence produced from the
strand of DNA?

• UAC-CGG-AGU
• ACU-GAA-CGA
• AGU-UCC-UAC
• AUG-GCC-UCA

152
The genetic information for making a protein must
move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Which of
these moves this information to the cytoplasm?

• A ribosome
• DNA
• RNA
• An amino acid

153
Structure 2 in the diagram represents a

• Ribosome
• Mitochondria
• Protein
• d. Chloroplasts

154
The process in the diagram occurs in the

• a. Nucleus
• b. Cytoplasm
• c. Vacuole
• d. Chromosome

155
Structure 1 is produced in what part of the cell?

1. Vacuole
2. Cytoplasm
3. Mitochondria
4. Nucleus

156
A cellular process uses a strand of genetic
material to produce a new strand. Parts of the
strands are shown belowOriginal Strand ATT
CAGNew Strand UAA GUC This new strand will
most likely be used for

1. gene splicing
2. DNA synthesis
3. Crossing-over
4. Protein Synthesis

157
What is one role of transfer RNA in the cell?

• Preparing the genes for messenger RNA
• Changing nitrogen bases into amino acids
• Preparing messenger RNA for the ribosomes
• Carrying amino acids to the ribosomes

158
Reproduction
159
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Result of meiosis Genetically unique offspring Requires two parents Creates genetic variety Result of mitosis Genetically Identical offspring One parent No genetic variety
160
Asexual Reproduction Type Description
Budding When a clone of the organism develops on the side of it then breaks off when fully devleoped
Binary Fission A single cell is replicated and splits itself
161
Fertilization When two gametes come together
to form a zygoteZygote - A growing cell that
is the result of the gametes coming together
162
Streptococcus is a type of bacteria that causes
strep throat in humans. Which of these is the
type of reproduction used by Streptococcus?

1. Binary fission
2. Meiosis
3. Crossing-over
4. Budding

163
Cholera bacteria perform binary fission to

• a. Reproduce asexually
• b. Digest food rapidly
• c. Regulate temperature
• d. Increase body size

164
Which of these is produced as a result of
fertilization

• A zygote with twice the number of chromosomes as
  a gamete
• An egg with half the number of chromosomes as a
  zygote
• A gamete with twice the number of chromosomes as
  a zygote
• A zygote with half the number of chromosomes as a
  gamete

165
A student observes a unicellular organism under a
microscope. After a while, the organism begins to
split into two cells, as shown in the
diagram. Which of these best describes the
process shown in the diagram?

1. binary fission
2. Meiosis
3. Osmosis
4. sexual reproduction

166
Sea stars are genetically different from each
other and from their parents. These genetic
differences are the result of

• Mitosis
• Cloning
• Sexual reproduction
• Asexual reproduction

167
What is formed when a male gamete combines with a
female gamete?

• Zygote
• Egg
• Sperm
• Chromosome

168
Apomixes is a type of asexual reproduction in
which adult plants grown directly from egg cells.
Which of these does not occur during apomixes?

• Mitosis
• Translation
• Fertilization
• Transcription

169
Mutations
170
Mutation

• A mutation is a change in the gene sequence in
  the DNA and is passed on through generations

171
Caused by

• a) DNA nucleotide sequence is not copied properly
• b) Chromosomes do not completely separate during
  meiosis
• c) Extra or additional chromosomes are passed on

172
During cell replication, an error may result in a
base pair substitution. Which of these terms
describes the change in base pair sequence?

• a) Cloning
• b) Meiosis
• c) Mutation
• d) Translation

173
Which of these describes a mutation that can be
inherited?

• a) Random breakage in a liver cells DNA
• b) Abnormal lung cells produced by toxins in
  smoke
• c) A nitrogen base substitution in a gamete cell
• d) Ultraviolet radiation damage to skin cells

174
A rare disorder is caused by changes in a gene.
Parents of individuals with the disorder have
only normal copies of the gene. Which of these
most likely caused this disorder?

• Mitosis
• Gene splicing
• Mutation
• Natural Selection

175
Which of these results when one nitrogen base
replaces another in a segment of genetic material

1. An enzyme substrate
2. A mutation
3. A feedback loop
4. An adaptation

176
Normal thymine is found in the old strand. It is
replaced by an abnormal molecule (T) in the new
strand. The abnormal molecule binds to guanine
instead of binding to adenine. This is an example
of

• An adaptation
• Protein synthesis
• A mutation
• Binary fission

177
Evolution
178
Natural SelectionThe process of change by which
new species develop from preexisting species over
time
179
Overproduction Every species tends to produce more individuals than can survive to maturity
Variation The individuals of a population have many characteristics that differ
Selection Some individuals survive longer and reproduce more because their traits are more advantageous
Adaptation The traits of those individuals that survive and reproduce will become more common in a population
180
By comparing fossils from the past and bones of
living things patterns of gradual change can be
seen
Similarities in embryo structures can be seen in
the early development stages of many organisms
Fossil Record
Embryology
Similar structures can suggest a common lineage
Evidence for Evolution Notes
Biogeography
Comparative Anatomy
Similar environmental conditions have led to
similar development of adaptations
Analogous Structures
DNA Similarities
Homologous Structures
Similarities in the genetic code of DNA suggest a
common ancestry
Structures with a similar function but different
structures
181
Mammals living in extremely cold climates
typically have thick fur and a layer of fat that
insulate them from the cold. Which of these terms
best describes these characteristics

• Translations
• Alterations
• Adaptations
• Recombination

182
Rabbits that live in warm climates have larger
ears than rabbits that live in cold climates.
Larger ears allow rabbits to cool themselves by
releasing body heat. Which term describes this
characteristic?

• Alteration
• Mutation
• Adaptation
• Recombination

183
The mole rat is an animals that avoid predators
by living underground. Its long claws and teeth
allow it to dig deep holes. Scientists believe
the ancestors of the mole rat lived above ground
and had shorter claws and teeth. Which of these
processes results in the long claws and teeth
found in the modern mole rat?

• natural selection
• selective breeding
• genetic engineering
• asexual reproduction

184
Rafflesia flowers produce the smell of rotting
flesh. This smell attracts flies. When the flies
land on the flowers, the pollen attaches to them.
The flies then transport the pollen to other
flowers. Producing a smell to attract flies is
an example of

• Parasitism
• Adaptation
• Replication
• predation

185
Loggerhead turtles in the Atlantic Ocean return
to lay their eggs on the same beaches where they
hatched. Scientists have observed that the
turtles have a compass sense. This sense allows
them to use Earths magnetic field to find their
way back to the beaches where they were hatched.
Which of these terms best describes the turtles
ability to use Earths magnetic field?

• Diversity
• Habitat
• Succession
• adaptation

186
South American honeybees are resistant to the
mites. Scientists believe that the North American
honeybees may also become resistant to the mites
in another ten years. Which of these processes
will cause the honeybee population to become
resistant to the mites?

• natural selection
• Chemosynthesis
• aerobic respiration
• succession

187
Students used the three organisms shown below to
study evolutionary relationships . Which of
these structures are the best evidence of an
evolutionary relationship?

1. bat wing and bee wing
2. bat lower jaw and whale lower jaw
3. whale flipper and bee wing
4. bat wing and whale flipper

188
Researchers are studying slider turtles. Slider
turtles hatch on the beach. The researchers
discovered that larger baby turtles are more
likely to survive than smaller baby turtles. They
hypothesized that the larger turtles could move
more quickly toward the water than the smaller
turtle, reducing their exposure to predators. The
survival advantage for the larger baby turtles is
a result of

• natural selection
• gene splicing
• Mutualism
• commensalim

189
Amphibians were the first vertebrates to live on
land. The ancestors of amphibians were probably
lobe-finned fish. The diagram below shows this
development of amphibians over time. Which of
these terms best describes how amphibians could
have developed from lobe-finned fish

• Selective breeding
• Cloning
• Migration
• Natural selection

190
The figure below shows the skeletal structure of
the seals flipper and a monkeys arm.
The skeletal structures of the flipper and the
arm are similar even though they have different
functions. Seals use their flippers for swimming,
while monkeys use their arms primarily for
grasping and lifting. The seals flipper and the
monkeys arm differ in appearance. This
difference is the result of

• a. Migration
• b. Genetic engineering
• c. Succession
• d. Natural selection

191
Which of these explains why the skeletal
structures of the seals flipper and the monkeys
arm are similar?

• Seals and monkeys have a common ancestor
• Seals and monkeys have identical DNA sequences.
• All of the same genetic mutations occurred in
  seals and monkeys
• All of the same vitamins used for bone formation
  in seals and monkeys

192
The ears of foxes help to regulate body heat. The
fennec fox lives in the North African desert and
has large ears that release body heat. The arctic
fox lives in cold climates and has small earls
that conserve body heat.Which of these
processes led to the development of ear sizes in
foxes?

• Selective breeding
• Succession
• Natural selection
• Mutualism

193
Male fiddler crabs attract females by quickly
waving their large front claw. If a claw is lost
in a fight or accident, they quickly grow a
hollow claw of equal length. Because the new claw
is lighter, they can wave it faster. A male
fiddler crab is shown below.The male
fiddler crabs new claw can be described as

• A clone
• A genotype
• An adaptation
• A dominant trait

194
The new claw probably helps the male fiddler crab
to

• Successfully reproduce
• Maintain homeostasis
• Fight more successfully
• Evolve into a new species

195
The skull of a modern bird, the herring gull, is
shown belowWhich of the vertebrate skulls
shown below is probably most closely related to
modern birds?
196
An insecticide is a chemical that kills insects.
Most insects are killed the first time they are
exposed to an insecticide. However, some insects
carry a gene that enables them to survive their
first exposure to an insecticide. When these
surviving insects reproduce, This gene may be
inherited by their offspring. The number of
insecticide resistant insects usually increases
over time because increasing numbers of offspring
are able to survive and reproduce.Which process
enables increasing numbers of insects to survive
their initial exposure to an insecticide?

• Cloning
• Mutation
• Natural selection
• Genetic engineering

197
Ecology
198
Abiotic Factor

• A non-living factor that affects the environment

199
Biotic Factor

• A living factor that affects the environment

200
Predation When one organism (predator) hunts and eats another organism (prey)
Commensalism A relationship between two organisms in which one benefits and the other is unharmed and does not benefit
Mutualism A relationship between two organism s in which both organisms benefit
Parasitism A relationship between two organism in which one is harmed and the other benefits.
201
Carnivore
Consumer
Parasite
LEAST ENERGY
Consumer
TROPHIC LEVEL
Carnivore
Consumer
Herbivore
Consumer
TROPHIC LEVEL
Consumer
Herbivore
Consumer
Carnivore
TROPHIC LEVEL
Consumer
Consumer
Omnivore
Herbivore
TROPHIC LEVEL
MOST ENERGY
Producer
202
1. Which of these is an example of mutualism?

1. a dragonfly eating beetles
2. algae and fungi providing food and shelter for
   each other
3. a wasp laying its eggs inside a caterpillar
4. a woodpecker drilling for insects in the bark of
   a tree

203
2. Which of these describes the role of algae and
cacti in an ecosystem?

• a. herbivore
• b. omnivore
• c. decomposer
• d. producer

204
3. In addition to eating fish eggs, the arctic
grayling also eats insects and small fish. What
is the ecological role of the arctic grayling?

• a. herbivore
• b. decomposer
• c. omnivore
• d. carnivore

205
4. Which of these shows how energy is usually
transferred in a food chain?

• a. herbivore ? producer ? carnivore
• b. producer ? carnivore ? herbivore
• c. carnivore ? herbivore ? producer
• d. producer ? herbivore ? carnivore

206
Aphids are insects that feed on fluids from the
stems of plants. After the aphids ingest the
plant fluids they excrete a liquid called
honeydew.5. Ladybugs eat aphids, which are a
source of protein for the ladybugs. Which of
these terms best describes the relationship
between the ladybugs and the aphids?

• a. mutualism
• b. parasite-host
• c. predator-prey
• d. commensalim

207
6. Some species of ants protect aphids from
predators. The ants benefit by feeding on the
honeydew produced by the aphids. Which of these
terms best describes the relationship between the
aphids and the ants?

• a. mutualism
• b. parasite-host
• c. predator-prey
• d. commensalisms

208
7. The scientists discovered a species of fish
that eats other fish and decaying matter. Which
of these does not describe the newly discovered
fish?

• a. consumer
• b. predator
• c. scavenger
• d. producer

209
8. Which of these describes the relationship
between cholera bacteria and copepods?

• a. mutualism
• b. parasite-host
• c. commensalisms
• d. producer-consumer

210
9. Which of these is an abiotic factor that
influences this ecosystem?

• a. food
• b. bacteria
• c. water temperature
• d. giant tubeworms

211
10. Which of these describes the role of the vole
in the Yellowstone ecosystem.

• a. decomposer
• b. producer
• c. herbivore
• d. carnivore

212
11. Striped fish are affected by biotic and
abiotic factors in their environment. Which of
these factors is biotic?

• a. water temperature
• b. mineral nutrients
• c. freshwater algae
• d. inorganic sediments

213
12. Reef-building coral are marine animals with
single celled algae living in their tissues. The
coral provided protection for the algae and the
algae provides food for the coral. Which of these
statements best explains what would happen to the
coral if the algae die?

• a. The coral would grow well because it does not
  have a competitor
• b. The coral would die because it needs the food
  produced by the algae
• c. The coral would grow well because it does not
  have a parasite
• d. The coral would die because it cannot produce
  food for the algae

214
13. Algae leave the coral when the water is too
warm. What kind of factor is temperature on this
relationships?

• a. biotic
• b. abiotic
• c. parasite
• d. commensalistic

215
14. The deer tick feeds on the blood of the red
squirrel, deer, and deer mouse. Which of these
best describes the role of the deer tick in the
forest food web?

• a. parasite
• b. producer
• c. carnivore
• d. omnivore

216
15. When gypsy moth catapillars hatch which of
these populations benefits first?

• a. red oak
• b. deer tick
• c. blue jay
• d. carpenter ant

217
16. Which of these describes the role of the red
oak in the forest food web?

• a. omnivore
• b. parasite
• c. herbivore
• d. producer

218
17. Which term best describes the ecological
relationship between hummingbirds and insects?

• a. mutualism
• b. parasite-host
• c. predator-prey
• d. commensalism

219
18. Which of these best describes the effects of
human disturbance on the black skimmers eggs?

• a. a biotic factor
• b. an allele
• c. a niche
• d. an abiotic factor

220
19. Which of these terms best describes the
relationship between the crows and the black
skimmers?

• a. mutualism
• b. commensalisms
• c. parasite-host
• d. predator-prey

221
20. A continued decrease in black skimmer
populations will most likely lead to

• a. a decrease in scavenger population
• b. an increase in producer populations
• c. a decrease in decomposer populations
• d. an increase in prey animal populations

222
21. Snakes and lizards come to the bromelids to
feed on frogs and their eggs. Their relationship
between the snakes and lizards and frogs can best
be described as

• a. mutualism
• b. parasite-host
• c. predator-prey
• d.commensalism

223
22. Which of these types of organisms break down
dead organic matter in the rain forest?

• a. producers
• b. predators
• c. herbivores
• d. decomposers

224
23. Whic