Chapter 8 High Middle Ages (1050-1450)

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Chapter 8High Middle Ages(1050-1450)
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Section 1 Growth of Royal Power in England and
France

• Kings, Queens, Nobles and Clergy
• Often nobles, church officials and the kings all
  had equal power.
• RCC had its own courts, taxes, and army.
• Other names for nobles dukes, barons, counts
• kings, queens, nobles and clergy struggled over
  who would have ultimate power

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Monarchs in England

• Angles, Saxons, Vikings settled in England
• The Norman Conquest
• 1066 King Edward of England died
• His death started a power struggle
• A council of nobles chose his brother-in-law,
  Harold II, to rule England. Harold had to go
  North to fight the Vikings.

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Monarchs in England

• The Norman Conquest cont.
• Duke William of Normandy also claimed the throne
• William crossed the English Channel with his army
  and defeated Harold at the Battle of Hastings in
  1066.
• Other names for the Duke of Normandy William the
  Conqueror or William I

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William Takes Control

• He required every vassal to swear allegiance to
  him first
• William had French-speaking nobles rule the
  countryside.
• Domesday Book listed every piece of property
  (first census-type record keeping)

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Henry II

• Inherited the throne after William I
• Established common law set of laws based on
  customs and court rulings
• Established a jury a group of men or women who
  determined guilt or innocence
• Claimed the right to try clergy (church
  officials)
• Thomas Becket, an archbishop, opposed him.
• The conflict between the church and England
  continued
• Becket was killed by Henry IIs knights.

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Henry II and Archbishop Thomas Becket
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King John and the Magna Carta

• Henry IIs son John was a clever, greedy, cruel,
  and untrustworthy leader
• The Pope excommunicated John over the selection
  of an Archbishop
• Interdict by Pope Innocent III
• Yearly fee to Rome to keep interference away
• Increasing taxed on the barons enraged nobles

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King John and the Magna Carta

• The pope excommunicated King John
• King John angered his nobles with heavy taxes and
  other abuses.
• In 1215 the nobles cornered John and forced him
  to agree to the Magna Carta

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King John and the Magna Carta

• Basic ideas of the Magna Carta
• Nobles had certain rights
• Made clear that the Monarch must obey the law
• Rights of towns people and church
• Cannot pass taxes w/o consulting Great Council
• Formed basis of due process of law and habeas
  corpus-no man can be held in jail without being
  charged with a crime

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Magna Carta King John of England
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Development of Parliament

• The Kings Great Council would eventually become
  Parliament
• What is Parliament? Britains legislature
• Its their law-making body like our Congress
• Developed into the House of Lords and House of
  Commons
• Lords-nobles and high clergy. Commons-middle
  class, towns people, and knights

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Monarchs in France

• Nobles elected Hugh Capet count of Paris
• Wasnt real powerful
• Slowly the Capetians increased their power
• King Philip Augustus(Phillip II) shrewd but able
• Instead of appointing nobles to fill govt
  positions he used middle class officials who owed
  their loyalty to him
• He also took over Southern France
• Quadrupled the size of France

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Louis IX

• He was the most admired leader of the time
• Because he was deeply religious he was known as
  St. Louis
• He did a lot to improve government
• He sent out govt employees to check on officials
  
• To ensure justice he heard cases himself
• (under a tree)
• He made France an efficient state
• Ended serfdom in his domain

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Philip IV

• He was always looking for cash.
• He tried to collect taxes from the clergy
• (a big NO-NO!)
• Pope Boniface VIII said NO WAY!
• Philip IV sent troops to get the Pope
• The Pope was beaten badly, but escaped. He
  eventually died from his wounds.
• Shortly thereafter a French Pope was elected and
  moved to Avignon, France
• This will cause a problem when Rome elects a
  replacement for Pope Boniface VIII

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Estates General

• Frances law-making body
• Made up of three estates clergy, nobles, and
  towns people
• Never as powerful as the English Parliament

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Review

• Who was William the Conqueror?
• What is common law and jury?
• Describe the conflict between Henry II and
  Archbishop Thomas Becket
• Who is King John and what did he do?
• Name 2 important things about the Magna Carta
• What is Parliament and the Estates General?
• Name the 3 French Kings and what theyre known
  for.

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Section 2 Holy Roman Empire (HRE)

• After Charlemagnes death Germany dissolved into
  a patchwork of separate states
• In 962 Otto was crowned by the Pope as HRE.
• The HRE was a friend of the Pope (most of the
  time)
• The HREs were protectors of Italy and the Pope.
  
• HREs also appointed bishops and abbots.
• They rule lands in Germany and parts of Italy.
• Label this area on your map
• The HREs greatest challenge was to control their
  vassals.

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Two Determined Rulers Emperor vs. Pope

• The new Pope Gregory VII said that only the Pope
  had the right to appoint bishops
• Lay investiture non-clergy gave gifts to clergy
• HRE Henry IV strongly disagreed.
• Then Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV.
• The people revolted, why? bc they love their HRE
• Now Henry IV goes and begs the Pope for
  forgiveness. Read pg 252
• Forced the Pope into exile when Henry retaliates

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Concordant of Worms

• The HRE and the RCC agreed that the church had
  the sole power to elect bishops, but the HRE
  could give them land.
• Church has the power to elect and invest bishops
  with spiritual authority but emperor still gave
  them fiefs.

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HRE Frederick I (Red Beard)

• Dreamed of a large land between the Baltic and
  Adriatic seas
• fought for it but didnt achieve that dream
• Arranged a marriage with his son and a noblewoman
  from southern Italy
• Which eventually helps extend his empire
• His grandson, Frederick II, would become HRE,
  live in southern Italy, fight with several popes
  and lose the support of his German nobles

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Red Beard-Frederick Barbarossa
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Pope Innocent III

• Pronounced himself ruler of Europe.
• Therefore he believed that he was in charge of
  kings and queens.
• He clashed with all the leaders of his day and
  came out on top most of the time.

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Innocent III contd

• In 1209 Innocent helped Phillip II launch a
  crusade, or holy war, against the Albigensians in
  France
• They wanted to purify the church
• Thousands were killed

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One of the most powerful popes of all times,
was Innocent III.
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Review

• What is the HRE?
• What is the Concordant of Worms?
• (explain the story behind it)
• Who was Red Beard?
• Who was Pope Innocent III and whats he known for?

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Section 3 Europes outlook on the world

• The Crusades
• Byzantine Emperor Alexius I sent an urgent plea
  to Pope Urban II in Rome urging him to help fight
  off the Seljuk Turks (Muslims)
• At the Council of Clermont in 1095 Urban II
  incited bishops and nobles to help Alexius

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Many more crusades followed

• Aimed at capturing the Holy Land
• First Crusade 1099 slaughter at Jerusalem
• Second 1187 Saladin kicks Crusaders out of
  Jerusalem
• Third Crusade Richard the Lionhearted, Phillip
  II, and Frederick Barbarossa try to take over
  the Holy Land by combining their armies, failed
• Fourth Crusade Failed miserably-fought against
  other Christians

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First Crusade

• 1099 Slaughter at Jerusalem
• Christians took Jerusalem after massacring both
  Jewish and Muslim citizens
• Crusades continued for 200 years while the
  Christians kept control until. . .

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Second and Third Crusade

• 1187 the Muslims strike again and capture the
  Holy City
• Leader of the Muslims was Saladin
• European Crusaders (Christian and Jewish)
  continued to fight for the city until Saladin
  closed its borders to any travelers
• Richard the Lionhearted, Phillip II, and
  Frederick Barbarossa try to take over the Holy
  Land by combining their armies, failed
• Saladin eventually reopened Jerusalem to
  Christian pilgrims

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Fourth Crusade

• Muslims stilled owned Jerusalem despite Christian
  crusaders attempts to take it for themselves
• The last Christian attempt to take over Jerusalem
  ended in Christians fighting each other by trying
  to take over other lands including the Holy City
• Muslims ended this final crusade by massacring
  the Christians
• Muslims had control of Jerusalem for several
  years from 1291

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Impact of the Crusades

• 1291 Muslims kicked the Christians completely out
  of the Holy Land
• European economies expanded
• Increased Power to Monarchs
• Increased trade

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Impact of Crusades

• Increased trade fleets (ships) that brought
  troops eventually brought back goods (sugar,
  cotton, rice, and muslin).
• The church brought Pope to his greatest power
• Monarchs increased their power, French King
  Louis IX led a crusade
• Money and serfdom use of money increased, nobles
  needed money for crusades, therefore they allowed
  peasants to pay rent with money rather than grain
• Wider world view Europeans began to realize that
  there was a larger world. Marco Polo went all the
  ay to china

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The Reconquista-Reconquering Spain

• Muslims took over Spain. These particular Muslims
  were known as Moors
• Christians pushed the Muslims slowly to Granada
  (state inside of Spain)
• Ferdinand and Isabella Isabella of Castile
  married Ferdinand of Aragon. This created the
  nation of Spain. One of their goals was to push
  the Muslims out. In 1492 Granada fell to the
  Christians aided by the Inquisition.
• Inquisition church court set up to try heretics

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Ferdinand and Isabella united Spain and helped
send Columbus on his journey.
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Crazy Isabella

• Created Inquisition
• Was a devout Catholic (Christian) and believed
  everyone should follow her religion.
• Killed heretics through grotesque and extreme
  torturing methods
• Sent Columbus (and others) on his journey to
  explore new lands or water routes

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Section 4 Learning, Literature and the Arts

• Scholars used scholasticism using reason to
  support Christian beliefs
• Medieval Literature
• Latin was the language of scholars
• Writings started to appear in the vernacular
  everyday language
• Romanesque Gothic Architecture

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Gothic Style
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vjYtNKza9HGcfeature
related
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Review

• What were the Crusades?
• Who began the first crusade and how did he do
  this?
• Who won the first, second, third, and fourth
  crusade?
• What was the inquisition and who started it?
• What is scholasticism?
• What is vernacular?
• Describe the Gothic style.

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Section 5 A time of crisis

• The Black Death
• This disease was caused when fleas bit rats, got
  the disease, then bit a human
• It was believed to have been started by the
  Mongols
• Death process (4 days max)
• In Cairo 7,000 people died in one day
• The people of this time had no knowledge of how
  the disease was spread
• Christians blamed the Jews for the Black Death
  saying they poisoned the wells
• Flagellants Catholics who beat themselves for
  purification

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Economic Results

• Production decline
• To stop rising cost, landowners switched to sheep
  raising because it required less labor

Flagellants
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Divisions in the Catholic Church

• Babylonian captivity
• Popes residence was in Avignon, not Rome
• Remained for 70 yrs
• People were angry about the Popes life of luxury
  in Avignon
• In 1378, reformers in Rome elected their own
  pope.
• Then a third pope is elected.
• Each excommunicated each other
• Council of Constance a compromise Pope Martin V
  was elected

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Wycliffe and Hus

• Wycliffe, an English professor, attacked the
  church.
• Wycliffe said the Bible is the sole source of
  religious truth.
• Wycliffe began to translate the Bible into
  English.
• In Bohemia (today the Czech Republic) Hus carried
  on Wycliffes reforms.
• Hus was burned at the stake.

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Hundred Years War (1337-1453)

• Edward III of England claimed the French crown in
  1337
• War erupted between England and France
• England won a series of victories at Crecy,
  Poitiers, and Agincourt
• Englands success was due to the longbow

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Longbow and the middle finger
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Joan of Arc

• In 1492 at the age of 17, Joan appeared at the
  court of the uncrowned King Charles VII
• Joan said she had been sent by God to save
  France.
• Joan inspired the French troops to win.
• Eventually, she was captured by England and
  burned at the stake for treason

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Hundred Years War contd

• The French used cannons for the first time to
  defeat the English.
• Now French kings extended their power

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Charles VII, King of France
Joan of Arc

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Map of Hundred Years War about 17 years after
its conclusion
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Review

• What is the bubonic plague?
• How did it spread?
• Why did they blame the Jews for the plague?
• Explain the Babylonian Captivity.
• Who were Wycliffe and Huss and what did they do?
• How did the Hundred Years War begin?
• What countries was it between?
• Who was Joan of Arc and what did she do?
• Who won the war and by what means?

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Internet Resources

• Cathedral
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vMZpOd2pHiI0
• Weird Weapons of the Middle Ages
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vRmDER4qovS8
• Torture weapons
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vjYtNKza9HGc
• The Black Death
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vBsCkgX2epFwfeature
  related
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vFZBRdTSgjjIfeature
  related
• Joan of Arc
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v4anpGgBaMro