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Introduction to Parisitology

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Title: Introduction to Parisitology


1
Introduction to Parisitology
  • Laboratory Procedures

2
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Parasite
  • A smaller organism that lives on or in and at the
    expense of a large organism called the host.
  • Hosts expense may be trivial, substantial, or
    even unbearable.
  • Hosts expense is dependant upon
  • Number of parasites
  • Kind and degree of the injury that they inflict
  • Vigor or nourishment of the host

4
Parasitism
  • Infestation with parasites
  • Muliple parasitism A condition in which
    parasites of different species parasitize a
    single host
  • Superparasitism Excessive parasitization of the
    same species.

5
Types of Relationships in Nature
  • Mutualism
  • Commensalism
  • Predator-Prey
  • Parasite

6
Mutualism
Both parties benefit equally in the relationship,
sometimes unable to exist without each other.
7
Commensalism
Relationship in which one population (or
individual) is benefited and the other is neither
benefited nor harmed.
8
Predator-Prey
9
Parasitic
Relationship in which one population (or
individual) adversely affects another, but cannot
life without it.
10
Life Cycles and Transmission of Parasites
  • Life cycle describes how an organism develops
    from the immature stage to the adult.
  • Some animals produce live young and others
    produce eggs
  • Some one-celled parasites may even reproduce by
    dividing into two identical parts

11
Direct Life Cycle
  • The immature form of the parasite can infect the
    same host it came from
  • Ex. Roundworms

12
Indirect Life Cycle
  • The immature form must pass through a different
    type of host before it can re-enter and infect he
    host it came from.
  • Intermdiate host is the host in which the
    immature form of the parasite lives
  • Definitive host is the host in which the adult
    form lives.
  • Ex. Heartworms

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Transport Hosts
  • Some life cycles incorporate a transport host
  • Is an intermediate host where no development
    occurs.
  • Is a way for the parasite to get from one host to
    another.
  • Rodents can transport roundworms to dogs and cats

15
Migration
  • Many parasites have life cycles that include a
    phase of migrating through the body.
  • Ex. Hookworms

16
Zoonoses
  • Infections that can be passed from animals to
    humans
  • Sometimes humans will have same symptoms of dog
    and cat
  • Ex. Roundworms, Hookworms, Toxoplasma

17
Prepatent Period
  • The time interval between when the parasite
    enters the host and the subsequent form of the
    parasite can be recovered from the host.
  • Ex Heartworms is 6 months
  • Ex. Whipworms is three months

18
Incubation Period
  • Represents the time from when the parasite enters
    the host and the development of signs or symptoms
    of disease.
  • Usually longer than prepatent period

19
Living arrangements of parasites
  • Ectoparasites parasites that live outside the
    host
  • Fleas, ticks
  • Endoparasites parasites that live within the
    host
  • Roundworms, heartworms, tapeworms

20
Obligatory Parasites
  • Live on host at all times
  • Can not live or reproduce in free environment
  • Most parasites are obligatory in nature
  • If live outside host, do in a dormant way until
    get into a new host

21
Periodic Parasites
  • Parasites that live part of their lives on a host
    and part of it off the host.
  • Ticks

22
Facultative Parasites
  • Parasites that can eat, sleep and lay eggs off
    the host
  • May take opportunity to infect host if one
    presents itself.

23
Major Classes of Parasites
  • Helminths
  • Nematodes (Roundworms)
  • Cestodes (Tapeworms)
  • Trematodes (Flukes)
  • Arthropods
  • Insects
  • Arachnids
  • Protozoa

24
Helminths
  • Generic word for worm
  • Is actually the grouping together of nematodes,
    tapeworms, and flukes

25
Nematodes
  • In general are round in cross section, longer
    than they are wide and are unsegmented.
  • Can be in a variety of lengths.
  • Significant cause of disease in dogs and cats
  • Have varied life cycles
  • Example is Roundworms

26
Tapeworms
  • Flat worms that are segmented
  • Head usually has suckers or muscular grooves that
    enable it to attach itself to the animals
    intestine
  • Each segment has own reproductive organs.
  • Have no digestive system
  • Life cycle includes an intermediate host

27
Flukes
  • Flat, leaf shaped, unsegmented worms that look
    similar to leeches.
  • Have suckers, hooks, or clam-like appendages
    which they attach themselves to hosts organs.
  • Fluke eggs have a trap door called an operculum
  • Dog and cat flukes have indirect life cycles
  • Generally do not cause serious issues in dogs and
    cats unless in high numbers

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Arthropods
  • Means joint foot and refers to fact that all
    members have jointed legs
  • Include insects and arachnids

30
Insects
  • Make up to 70 of all known species of animals of
    all kinds
  • Have antennae, compound eyes and body
  • Many have wings
  • Fleas and lice

31
Arachnids
  • Include ticks and mites
  • Are carnivores by feeding on tissue and blood.

32
Protozoa
  • Over 450,000 species of Protozoa
  • Composed of nucleus and cytoplasm
  • May move with assistance of flagella.
  • Giardia is an example of a protozoa
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