The HUMAN BODY

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The HUMAN BODY
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ORGANIZATION

• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Organ Systems
• Organisms

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Tissue Types

• Muscle Tissue- can contract and shorten
• Connective Tissue- provides support and connects
  all parts of the body
• Nerve Tissue- carries messages back and forth
  from body to brain and spinal cord
• Epithelial Tissue- forms a protective surface
  outside of the body

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Organ Systems

• Organs made of tissue make up the organ systems
• These systems are interconnected
• Skeletal
• Muscular
• Integumentary
• Digestive
• Circulatory
• Respiratory
• Excretory
• Endocrine
• Nervous
• Reproductive

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SKELETAL SYSTEM

• Functions
• Provides shape and support
• Allows movement
• Protects tissues and organs
• Stores certain materials
• Produces blood cells

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Skeleton Components

• Made up of approximately 206 bones
• Bones held together by ligaments
• Bones attached to muscle by tendons

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Skeleton- Bones

• Cartilage- connective tissue many bones form
  from? most hardens
• Cushions bones Reduces friction

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Skeleton- Bones

• Bones contain marrow
• Contains fat and blood vessels
• Produces blood cells

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Skeletal Joints

• Joints- any place where two bones come together
• Joint types
• Immovable
• Pivot
• Ball-and-socket
• Hinge
• Saddle
• ETC.

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MUSCULAR SYSTEM

• Muscles - bundles of fibers that work together to
  allow for movement and structure

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Muscles- 3 Types

• Skeletal-
• Attaches to and moves bones voluntary
• Smooth-
• Controls breathing, digestive system involuntary
• Cardiac-
• Found only in heart involuntary

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Muscle Action

• Muscles work in pairs- one contracts, the other
  relaxes
• Biceps, Triceps

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How do muscles contract?

• Nerve tissue sends message to muscle to
  contract/relax
• Electrochemical signal sent to muscle via nerve
• Signal causes release of Calcium ions which react
  with protein (myosin and actin) in muscle cells
• Muscles react by having their long filaments
  slide past each other
• Muscle cells get closer- they contract

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Digestive System

• Function To break down and absorb nutrients from
  food to provide the body with energy

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Types of Digestion

• Mechanical Digestion
• Food is physically broken into smaller pieces
• Ex. Teeth
• Chemical Digestion
• Food is changed at the molecular level
• Ex. Gastric Juices

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Path of Digestion

• Mouth
• Mechanical use teeth and tongue to mechanically
  break down food
• Chemical saliva breaks starches?sugars
• Esophagus
• Passage from mouth to stomach
• Adds mucous to ball of food

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Path of Digestion

• Stomach
• Chemical Gastric juices (Pepsin and Hydrochloric
  Acid) to break down proteins
• Mechanical Stomach churns food into a soupy
  substance chyme

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Path of Digestion

• Small Intestine
• Food is broken down with various juices and then
  the nutrients are absorbed
• Mechanical Bile from the liver/gall bladder
  emulsifies fats (breaks into globs)
• Chemical Intestinal and Pancreatic juices break
  down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins

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Path of Digestion

• Large Intestine
• Absorbs water from undigested waste
• Rectum
• Storage area for waste
• Anus
• Place where waste exits the body

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Accessory Organs of Digestion

• Salivary Glands
• Produce salivary amylase to break down
  carbohydrates
• Liver
• Produces bile to emulsify fats
• Gall Bladder
• Stores the bile made by the liver
• Pancreas
• Produces pancreatic juices to break down fats,
  carbohydrates, and proteins

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• Function
• Using blood and blood vessels, this system
  delivers nutrients and oxygen for body cells and
  carries away Carbon Dioxide and other wastes

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Components of system

• Heart
• 4 chambers-
• 2 atria- upper- receives blood
• 2 ventricles- lower- pumps blood

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Components contd

• Blood Vessels
• Veins- carry blood to the heart
• Arteries- carry blood away from the heart
• Capillaries- small vessels that connect
  veins/arteries
• (where nutrients/wastes pass in/out of blood
  stream)

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Blood Vessels
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Components contd

• Blood
• 4 components
• Plasma- liquid portion
• Red Bloods Cells (RBC)- carries oxygen to cells
• White Blood Cells (WBC)- defend body against
  germs
• Platelets- cell fragments used to clot blood

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Paths of Circulation

• Pulmonary Circulation
• Right Atrium
• Right Ventricle
• Lungs (picks up O2 and drops off CO2)
• Left Atrium

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Paths of Circulation

• Systemic Circulation
• Left Atrium
• Left Ventricle
• Aorta
• Body (drops off O2 and picks up CO2)
• Right Atrium

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• Function
• Bring Oxygen into the body
• Remove Carbon Dioxide and Water

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Pathway of Air

• Nose- warms, moistens air
• Throat (pharynx)
• Larynx- produces sound, contains vocal cords
• Trachea- aka windpipe, carries air from throat to
  chest

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Pathway of Air contd

• Bronchi- tubes that carry air into lungs
• Bronchioles- smaller branching tubes
• Alveoli- tiny air sacs in lungs where gases
  exchange

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How Breathing Works

• The DIAPHRAGM contracts and pulls down
• Chest/Rib muscles pull up at same time
• Chest expands
• Air pressure decreases? air goes in

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Connection with Circulatory System

• Air enters alveoli
• Alveoli covered with capillaries
• Oxygen diffuses into blood
• Carbon Dioxide, etc. diffuses out of blood

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NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Function
• Send and receive messages within the body
• Respond to stimuli
• Systems
• -Central Nervous System
• -Peripheral Nervous System

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Nerve Cells AKA Neurons

• Neuron- basic unit of structure and function of
  the nervous system
• Parts of neuron
• Cell Body
• Dendrite
• Axon
• Bundles of neurons form nerves

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Nerve Transmission

• Messages are electrical and chemical signals
• An electric charge is conducted down a neuron
  (Dendrite to axon)
• Axon is covered in an insulating layer called a
  myelin sheath to speed up impulses
• As it reaches the end of the axon, chemicals
  (neurotransmitters) are released across the
  synapse (gap between neurons) to the next neuron
• The message continues neuron to neuron

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Central Nervous System

• Brain- control center transmits and receives
  messages
• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Medulla
• Spinal Cord- connects brain with rest of the
  nervous system

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Peripheral Nervous System

• Link between the central nervous system and the
  rest of the body
• Network of nerves throughout the body
• Made of many neurons

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SENSES

• Vision- eyes
• Hearing and Balance- ears
• Smell and taste- nose and mouth
• Touch- skin

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Integument System

• Function
• Communication of pain, pressure, temperature
• Protection of body
• Bumps, bruises, cuts, burns
• Dehydration
• Body temperature regulation
• Disease/Infection barrier
• Organs (holds them in)

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Layers of the Skin

• Epidermis outermost layer
• -Epithelial cells (very top-
• new cells form underneath)
• -Contains
• -Keratin (waterproofing)
• -Melanocytes (produces pigment)

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Layers of Skin

• Dermis middle layer
• Irregular ridges between dermis and epidermis for
  fingerprints
• Contains
• -Hair follicles/roots
• -Sweat glands
• -Sebaceous (oil) glands
• -Arrector pili muscle
• -Nerves
• -Blood Vessels

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Layers of Skin

• Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer) Innermost layer
• Contains
• Adipose (fat) cells cushion,
• insulation, anchors skin, etc.
• Blood vessels temp. regulation,
• nutrients, etc.
• Nerves temp., pressure, pain

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Derivatives of Skin

• Hair
• Dead epidermal cells
• Forms from bulb/root
• Nails
• Sheets of keratinized cells
• Forms from nail bed

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Immune System

• Function
• Defends the body against foreign invaders that
  may cause disease

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Lines of Defense

• Skin, mucous membranes, and cilia
• Not part of immune system, but helps prevent
  germs from entering the body

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2nd Line of Defense

• White Blood Cells produced in the Thymus gland
  and bone marrow
• Extra WBCs contained in lymph nodes, spleen
• Blood supply increases in affected area
• White blood cells attack the invading organisms
• Can incite an inflammatory response- many blood
  cells and dead germs in one area

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Inflammatory Response
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Parts of the Immune System
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3rd Line of Defense

• Antibodies proteins produced by the immune
  system
• They attack only certain invaders (antigens)

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EXCRETORY SYSTEM

• Function
• Removes various wastes from the body
• Ex. Urine, Sweat, Breath

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Organs of the Excretory System

• Kidneys- filter waste (urine) from blood
• Ureters, Bladder, Urethra
• Liver- filter wastes (urea) from blood
• Skin- excretes sweat, oil
• Lungs- remove water and Carbon Dioxide

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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

• Function- produce chemical messengers (hormones)
  from glands to regulate certain body activities

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Glands of Endocrine System

• Head Region
• -Pituitary controls other glands
• -Pineal Gland regulates sleep and wake cycle,
  along with other basic functions
• -Hypothalamus controls secretions of the
  pituitary gland (link between endocrine and
  nervous system)

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Glands of the Endocrine System

• Neck Region
• -Thyroid regulates metabolism (rate at which
  food is turned into energy)
• -Parathyroids maintains homeostasis in blood
  calcium levels

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Glands of the Endocrine System

• Abdominal Region
• -Adrenals helps body prepare for and deal with
  stress (fight or flight)
• -Pancreas Releases insulin and glucagon to
  regulate level of glucose in blood

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Glands of the Endocrine System

• Reproductive Region
• -Ovaries (females) produce eggs and estrogen to
  create female characteristics
• -Testes (males) produce sperm and testosterone
  to create male characteristics

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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Function- ensure continuation of species by
  producing gametes and hormones
• Male
• Female

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Male Reproductive System

• Testes
• Epididymis
• Vas Deferens
• Glands
• Seminal Vesicles
• Prostate Gland
• Bulbourethral Glands
• Urethra (in Penis)

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Female Reproductive System

• Ovaries
• Fallopian Tubes (oviduct)
• Uterus
• Cervix
• Vagina
• Vulva

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Menstrual Cycle

• Usually 28 days in length
• Occurs in females
• 4 phases
• Follicular
• Ovulation
• Luteal
• Menstruation

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Follicular Phase

• Follicle (cluster of cells surrounding an egg)
  helps egg mature
• FSH (Follicle Stimulation Hormone) LH
  (Lutenizing Hormone) are increased- help egg
  mature
• Estrogen is low, but increases to cause uterine
  lining to thicken

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Ovulation

• Process when egg is released from follicle
• Egg travels through Fallopian tube (it can be
  fertilized here)
• Increased levels of FSH LH

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Luteal Phase

• Ruptured follicle turns yellow (Corpus Luteum)
• Estrogen and Progesterone are released to
  complete lining development
• During first 2 days, increased chance of pregnancy

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If egg is NOT fertilizedMenstruation

• Egg and Corpus Luteum will disintegrate
• Estrogen and Progesterone levels decrease?
  causing lining to detach (menstruation)
• Low estrogen levels trigger stimulation of FSH
  LH to start process again

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If egg IS fertilizedPregnancy

• Egg is fertilized by sperm in the Fallopian tube
• Zygote implants into wall of uterus
• Hormones continue to be released to keep lining
  and start babys development

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Fertilization Development

• Zygote/Embryo implants into uterine wall, cells
  begin to divide
• By 3rd week, placenta forms (organ by which
  mother and child exchange gases and nutrients)
• By 3 months, most of the babys major organs have
  formed

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Childbirth

• After 9 months, child is fully developed and
  ready to be born
• Oxytocin (hormone) released? causes contraction
  of uterine walls
• Cervix dilates (opens)
• Amniotic sac breaks (water breaks)
• Uterus contracts to push baby out through the
  vagina
• The after-birth follows- placenta, amniotic
  sac, umbilical cord still attached

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BABY!!!