Organization of the Human Body

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Organization of the Human Body
Anatomy and Physiology
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Chapter 1 Organization of the Human Body

• What are the definitions of Anatomy and
  Physiology?
• Anatomy The study of the shape and structure of
  an organisms body and the placement of body
  parts.
• Physiology The study of the functions of the
  body parts.
• Anatomists rely on observation while
  physiologists use experimentation.

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Levels of Organization 1. Subatomic
particle- Neutron, proton, and electron 2.
Atom- The smallest unit of matter 3. Molecule-
Two or more atoms bonded together (H2O) 4.
Organelle- Parts of a cell with a specific job
(mitochondria) 5. Cell- The most basic unit of
life 6. Tissue- Groups of cells functioning
together (Epithelial, nervous, muscle, and
connective) 7. Organ- Groups of tissues
functioning together (stomach) 8. Organ System-
Groups of organs functioning together (digestive
system) 9. Organism- Groups of organ systems
functioning together
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• Six Characteristics of Life
• 1. Responsiveness Reacting to changes in the
  internal and external environment (Ex. Pupil
  dilation)
• 2. Reproduction Cells come from the splitting
  and fusing of existing cells.
• 3. Growth Increase in the size and/or number
  of and the maturation of these cells.
• 4. Genetic Material (Heredity) DNA within a cell
  is passed on to offspring cells.
• Metabolism All chemical reactions carried out
  in organisms which allow for growth, repair,
  creation of energy and release of heat.
• Homeostasis - The body maintaining a stable
  internal environment such as blood sugar levels,
  body temperature, and heart rate.

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A great example of the power of genetics
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Examples of Homeostasis in the Human Body
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• How does Homeostasis happen?
• Maintained by feedback mechanisms (parts of the
  body communicating with one another).
• The 3 basic components of a feedback mechanism
  are a receptor, a control center and an effector.
• Example- When the heart rate increases, the blood
  pressure (pressure of blood on the walls of
  vessels) increases. Higher bp is detected by
  nerve cells in the walls of blood vessels called
  baroreceptors (receptor). These send a message
  to the brain (control center) which tells the
  heart (effector) to slow down.

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Anatomical Terminology Anatomical Position
stand erect, face observer, head level, eyes face
forward, feet flat and directed forward, and
palms up
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Anatomical Terms

• Cephalic- Head
• Facial- Face
• Frontal- Forehead
• Orbital- Eye
• Otic- Ear
• Nasal- Nose
• Buccal- Cheek
• Oral- Mouth
• Mental- Chin
• Cranial- Skull
• Occipital- Back of head
• Cervical- Neck
• Pectoral- Chest
• Sternal- Breastbone

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• Umbilical- Belly button
• Coxal- Hip
• Pubic- Genital region
• Scapular- Shoulder blade
• Vertebral- Backbone
• Acromial- Top of shoulder
• Axillary- Armpit
• Brachial- Arm above elbow
• Antecubital- Front of elbow
• Olecranal- Back of elbow
• Antebrachial- Arm below elbow
• Carpal- Wrist
• Manual- Hand
• Palmar- Palm

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• Digital- Fingers and toes
• Inguinal- Groin
• Gluteal- Buttocks
• Femoral- Thigh
• Patellar- Knee cap
• Popliteal- Back of knee
• Crural- Front of lower leg
• Sural- Back of lower leg
• Fibular or peroneal- Side of lower leg
• Tarsal- Ankle
• Pedal- Foot
• Calcaneal- Heel
• Plantar- Sole of foot
• Dorsum- Top of foot/back of hand

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Lets Review
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Directional Terms

• Describe the position of one body part in
  relation to another.
• Anterior or ventral- Closer to the front of the
  body
• Posterior or dorsal- Closer to the back of the
  body
• Caudal or inferior- Below
• Cephalic or superior Above
• Medial- Closer to the midline of the body
• Lateral- Farther from the midline of the body

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A few more directional terms

• Proximal- Closer to the point of attachment of a
  limb and the trunk
• Distal- Farther from the point of attachment of a
  limb and a trunk
• Superficial or external- Closer to the surface of
  the body
• Deep or internal- Farther from the surface of the
  body

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Directional Terms Practice

• The lips are __________ to the teeth.
• The wrist is ___________ to the elbow.
• The nose is ____________ to the eyes.
• The neck is ____________ to the head.
• The skin is ____________ to the muscles.

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• Body Sections
• Cuts made through the body in the direction of a
  certain plane.
• Sagittal divides the body into right and left
  portions
• midsagittal equal right and left halves
• parasagittal unequal right and left halves
• Transverse divides the body into superior (top)
  and inferior (bottom) portions
• Coronal or Frontal divides the body into
  anterior and posterior sections
• Oblique- A cut made at an angle (not
  perpendicular or parallel).

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Body Planes
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Lets Review
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Body Cavities

• Spaces that contain, protect, separate, and
  support internal organs
• Dorsal cavity- contains the cranial cavity and
  the spinal cavity. The cranial cavity encloses
  the brain and the spinal cavity encloses the
  spinal cord.
• Ventral cavity- contains the thoracic cavity and
  the abdominopelvic cavity.
• The diaphragm is a muscle that divides the
  thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

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Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Cavities

• In the center of the thoracic cavity is the
  mediastinum which contains the heart, thymus,
  esophagus, trachea and bronchi.
• The heart is lined with pericardium
• the parietal pericardium lines the cavity while
  the visceral pericardium covers the heart. A
  thin layer of serous fluid separates the two
  layers.
• The lungs are lined with pleura
• the parietal pleura lines the cavity while the
  visceral pleura covers the lungs. A thin layer
  of serous fluid separates the two layers.
• The Abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into the
  abdominal cavity (contains the stomach, liver,
  gall bladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestine,
  appendix, kidneys and part of the large
  intestine) and the pelvic cavity (contains the
  bladder, reproductive organs, rectum and the
  remainder of the large intestine.

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Thoracic Pleura
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Abdominopelvic cavity continued

• The peritoneum lines the abdominopelvic cavity a
  parietal peritoneum lines the wall while visceral
  peritoneum covers the organs.
• The abdominopelvic cavity is subdivided into nine
  regions

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Abdominopelvic Regions



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Abdominopelvic Peritoneum
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• Organ Systems-
• a. Integumentary System skin, nails, hair
  covers the body, senses changes outside the body,
  helps regulate body temperature
• b. Skeletal System bones, ligaments
  supports, protects, provides a framework, stores
  minerals, houses blood forming tissues
• c. Muscular System muscles, tendons provides
  body movement, posture, and body heat
• Nervous System brain, spinal cord, nerves,
  sensory organs receives, processes and sends
  electrical impulses
• e. Endocrine System glands that secrete
  hormones integrate metabolic functions

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f. Cardiovascular System heart, blood, blood
vessels distributes oxygen and nutrients
throughout the body while removing wastes g.
Lymphatic System lymphatic vessels, lymph
nodes, thymus, and spleen drains excess tissue
fluid and houses cells of immunity h. Digestive
System mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines,
pancreas, liver, gall bladder receives,
digests, and absorbs nutrients i. Respiratory
System lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
exchanges gases between the blood and air j.
Urinary System kidneys, ureters, bladder,
urethra removes wastes from the blood and helps
maintain water and electrolyte balance
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• Reproductive System produces new organisms
• - Male Reproductive System testes, glands,
  penis and vessels for sperm conduction
• - Female Reproductive System ovaries, fallopian
  tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, external genitalia

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MORE TERMS TO KNOW Disorder any derangement or
abnormality of function- ex. High blood pressure
or high blood sugar Disease more specific term
for an illness characterized by a recognizable
set of signs and symptoms- ex. Coronary artery
disease or diabetes Signs objective changes
that a doctor can observe and measure bleeding,
swelling, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, rash,
paralysis Symptoms subjective changes in body
function according to the individual headache,
nausea, muscle aches, fatigue
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Signs and Symptoms Practice Problem Mononucleosis
spread by direct contact with secretions such
as saliva. It is caused by a virus (EBV)
Epstein-Barr Virus People with mono often have
pharyngitis (sore throat), adenopathy (enlarged
lymph nodes in the neck), and fever. People will
also often exhibit extreme fatigue, chills,
headache, muscle aches, joint aches, nausea,
vomiting, abdominal pain, jaundice, and decreased
appetite with weight loss. Others may have
splenomegaly (enlarged spleen) during the second
week of the illness. Sometimes people will have
a rash, however, this is uncommon. What are the
signs? What are the symptoms?