PARENTHETICAL DOCUMENTATION

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PARENTHETICAL DOCUMENTATION

• Citing sources in the text

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• Give only the information needed to identify
• a source authors last name
• page reference

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• Place parenthetical reference as near as possible
  to material being documented
• Preferably at end of sentence

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• Parenthetical material should complement, not
  repeat
• Authors name used in sentence is not needed in
  parenthetical documentation

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• Parenthetical reference precedes punctuation
  marks such as
• 1. sentence
• 2. clause
• 3. phrase that contains cited material

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• Electronic and online sources are cited just like
  print sources
• If online source lacks numbering, omit numbers
  from parenthetical references

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• If a source includes fixed page numbers or
  section numbering, such as numbering of
  paragraphs (pars.), cite the relevant numbers

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Authors name in text

• Dover has expressed this concern (118).

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Authors name in reference

• This concern has been expressed (Dover 118-21).

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Multiple authors of a work

• This hypothesis (Bradley and Rogers7)
• suggested this theory (Sumner, Reichl, and
• Waugh 23).

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Two locations

• Williams alludes to this premise (136-39, 145).

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Two works cited

• (Burns 45, 327)

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Multivolume works

• References to volumes and pages
• (Wilson 21-18)

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Multivolume works

• References to an entire volume
• (Henderson, vol. 3)

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Multivolume works

• In text reference to an entire volume
• In volume 3, Henderson suggests

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Corporate authors

• (United Nations, Economic Commission for Africa
  51-63)

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Works with no author

• When a work has no author, use the works title
  or a shortened version of the title when citing
  it in text.
• as stated by the presidential commission (Report
  4).

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Online source with numbered paragraphs

• (Fox, pars. 4-5).

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Basic In-Text Citation Rules

• Immediately following a quotation from a
• source or a paraphrase of a sources ideas, place
  
• the authors name followed by a space and the
• page number.

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• Human beings have been described as symbol-using
  animals (Burke 13).

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• When a source has no known author, use a
  shortened title of the work instead of an
  authors name.
• Place title in quotation marks if it is a short
  work, or italicize /underline if it is a longer
  work

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• In-text citation will correspond with an entry in
  the Works Cited page

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Sample Works Cited Entry

• Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic
• Action Essays on Life, Literature,
  and
• Method. Berkely University of
• California Press, 1966.

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Multiple Citations

• To cite multiple sources in the same
  parenthetical reference, separate the citations
  by a semi-colon
• as has been discussed elsewhere (Burke3 Dewey
  21).

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