Biology Unit Exam Review

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Biology Unit Exam Review
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Characteristics of Life, Life Processes,
Scientific Method
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Steps of Sci Method

• Problem
• Hypothesis
• Testing Hypothesis (procedure)
• Record Data ( or details)
• Analyze and Form Conclusions
• Replicate Work

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Variables

• Controlled Experiment
• Two groups differ by one factor control is
  present
• Control vs Experimental Group Experimental group
  has something changed (i.e. amount of light, etc)

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Variable

• Object/factor being tested in an experiment-
• Only test one per experiment

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Variables

• Independent Variables
• Changed by scientist to see what happens
• Dependent Variable Changes in response to the
  change the scientist makes to the independent
  variable.

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Determine the Different Variables

• Does fertilizer make a plant grow?
• Two spider plants are placed in separate pots.
  One plant is given fertilizer and the other plant
  is not. Both plants are measured daily.
• Identify Independent, Dependent, and control group

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Answers

• INDEPENDENT Amount of fertilizer
• DEPENDENT Growth of plant
• CONTROLLED Plant not receiving fertilizer

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Characteristics of Life

• Maintain homeostasis
• Respond to Stimuli
• Hereditary
• Grow Development
• Metabolism (use energy)
• Made of cells
• Limited Life Span

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Chemistry
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Covalent Bonds

• Bond formed by sharing electrons

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Ionic Bond

• Bond that forms by transferring the electrons
  can create an electrical attraction

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Elements, Compound, Mixture

• Elements substance made up of one kind of atom
  (i.e. oxygen)
• Compound made up of two or more elements (i.e.
  water)
• Mixture substances that are mixed without
  forming a new chemical bond (i.e. saltwater)

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2H2O O2---2H2O2

• Atoms hydrogen, oxygen
• Reactants 2H2O O2
• Products 2H2O2
• Atoms 8 Hydrogen, 8 Oxygen

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pH Scale

• 7 is neutral
• pH runs from 1-14
• Below 7? acidic (with 1 being more acidic)
• Above 7? basic with 14 being most basic
• Measures H ions

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Neutralization Reaction

• Reaction that occurs when acids and bases are
  combined to form water and salt
• EX NaOH HCl----NaCl H2O

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Solution Its Parts

• Substances are spread evenly throughout the
  mixture
• EX Air- comprised of N, O, CO2
• Two parts
• Solvent substance that a solute is dissolved in
• Solutes substance that is dissolved in a solvent

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Biochemistry
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Organic Compounds

• Compounds that contain carbon and occur naturally
  only in the bodies and products of an organism

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Monomers

• Carbs sugar
• Proteins amino acids
• Nucleic Acid nucleotide
• Lipids glycerol and fatty acids

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Classify

• A. carb
• B. carb
• C. Lipids
• D. Lipids
• E. Lipids
• F. Nucleic Acids
• G. Nucleic Acids
• H. Proteins
• I-K. Carb

• Disaccaharide
• 2 sugars (maltose)
• Polypeptide
• 2 amino acids connected by peptide bonds

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Polar vs. Nonpolar

• Water is polar
• Polar molecule a molecule that has a partial
  positive and partial negative charge
• Only polar substances will dissolve in water non
  polar will not.

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Enzymes

• 13. Proteins
• 14. Speeds up chemical reactions
• 15. Temperature, pH
• 17. Substrate binds to active site

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The Cell
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Cell Theory

• 1. All living things are composed of one or more
  cells
• 2. Cells are organisms basic units of structure
  and function
• 3. Cells come only from existing cells

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Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

• Prokaryotes do not have any membrane bound
  structures like a nucleus
• Example- bacteria

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Fluid Mosaic Model

• Another name for cell membrane
• Fluid- in watery substance
• Mosaic- made up of many different parts

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Phospholipid Bilayer
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Selectively Permeable

• Only allows certain things to enter or exit
• EX Cell Membrane

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Organization

• Cell
• Tissue
• Organ (stomach, pancreas, liver)
• Organ System (respiratory, circulatory)
• Organism (human, dog, cat)

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Cell Transport
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Active vs. Passive

• Active
• Energy Required
• Moves from low concentration to high concentration

• Passive
• No energy required
• Moves from high concentration to low concentration

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Diffusion

• Movement of molecules from an area of high
  concentration to an area of lower concentration
• Passive Transport

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Diffusion
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Osmosis

• Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable
  membrane from region of high water concentration
  to a region of low water concentration
• Passive

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Plasmolysis vs. Cytolysis

• Plasmolysis shrinking of cytoplasm (result of
  hypertonic solution)
• Cytolysis cell explodes due to hypotonic
  solution

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Endocytosis

• Transporting material into cell by vesicle
• EX
• Pinocytosis small liquids are taken into cell by
  vesicle
• Phagocytosis solid particles ingested into cell
  by vesicles

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Exocytosis

• Transporting material out of cell by vesicle

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Type of Solution Where is there more solute Where is there more solvent (water) What direction does water move What happens to the cell
Hypotonic Inside cell Outside cell Inside Cytolysis (explode)
Hypertonic Outside cell Inside cell Outside Plasmolysis (shrink)
Isotonic Equal Equal Constant Nothing
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Photosynthesis Cell Respiration
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What is photosynthesis?

• Process that plants use to make energy by
  capturing sunlight and transforming it into
  glucose
• Takes place in the chloroplast
• Reactants- water, carbon dioxide
• Products- glucose, oxygen

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Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs

• Autotrophs- make their own food (example- oak
  tree)
• Heterotrophs- consume other things for food
  (example- human)

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Aerobic Respiration

• Takes place in the mitochondria
• Reactants- glucose and oxygen
• Products- water and carbon dioxide

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Aerobic vs. Anaerobic

• Aerobic
• Need oxygen
• Occurs in mitochondria
• Produces 36 ATP

• Anaerobic
• No oxygen needed
• Occurs in the cytoplasm
• Produces 2 ATP

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Anaerobic Respiration

• Also called Fermentation